Chapter One
‘An amiable, unselfish and kindly people’: Anglo-German perceptions
before 1900
1. Jerome K. Jerome, Diary of a Pilgrimage (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1982), 1-2, 5; Ruth Marie Faurot, Jerome K. Jerome (Twayne, New York, 1974), 47; Donald Gutch, ‘Bavarians and Others: Jerome K. Jerome’s View of Germany’, in Otto Hietsch, ed., Bavarica Anglica (Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 1979), 225.
2. G. B. Burgin, Memoirs of a Clubman (Hutchinson, London, 1921), 115; To-Day, 11, 18 and 25 January, 22 February, 7 March, 2 May, 7 and 28 November 1896; Jerome K. Jerome, My Life and Times (Folio Society edn, London, 1992), 188.
3. Alfred Moss, Jerome K. Jerome, His Life and Works (Selwyn & Blount, London, 1928), 22; Jerome’s French passport, and anonymous press cutting, in the Walsall Local History Centre Jerome collection, Acc. 137/12.
4. Jerome, My Life, 189-93.
5. www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/yoke_01.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_yoke. Elizabeth Gaskell, North and South (Folio Society edn, London, 2003), 312; David Hopps, A Century of Great Cricket Quotes (Robson, London, 1998), 237; Bert Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley (Hale, London, 1956), 49.
6. John Mander, Our German Cousins (John Murray, London, 1974), 58, 173, 180; Simon Heffer, Moral Desperado: A Life of Thomas Carlyle (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1995), 181; Jerrold M. Packard, Farewell in Splendour: The Death of Victoria and Her Age (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1995), 191, 215.
7. Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth Century London (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986), 10, 23-4, 26, 115, 220; Geoffrey Trease, The Grand Tour (Heinemann, London, 1967), 20-1, 37-8; F. A. Pottle, ed., Boswell on the Grand Tour (Heinemann, London, 1953), 23, 42; Helen Barber Morrison, ed., The Golden Age of Travel (Andrew Melrose, London, 1953), 177-8; Hugh Massingham and Pauline Massingham, The Englishman Abroad (Sutton, Gloucester, 1982), 54, 67; Mander, German Cousins, 27, 58; Keith Robbins, ‘Protestant Germany through British Eyes’, Annual Lecture, German Historical Institute, London, 1992, 10-11.
8. Alan Palmer, Crowned Cousins: The Anglo-German Royal Connection (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985), 1, 5, 6, 8-9. 11; Roger Lockyer, The Early Stuarts (Longman, London, 1989), 14, 30-1, 33, 226; J. H. Willson, James VI and I (Cape, London, 1956), 274, 278-80, 285-7, 409-11, 420-1; W. B. Patterson, James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997), 299, 305, 310, 314; H. S. Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1603-40 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970), 21.
9. Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 18-19, 23, 35-6.
10. Ragnild Hatton, George I, Elector and King (Thames & Hudson, London, 1978), 129-33; W. A. Speck, Stability and Strife, 1714-1760 (Arnold, London, 1977), 12-13, 23-4; Basil Williams, Stanhope (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1932), 371-2; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 37, 40.
11. Hatton, George I, 133; Speck, Stability and Strife, 174; Romney Sedgwick, ed., Lord Hervey’s Memoirs (AMS Press, New York, 1970), 261, 273, 281-2, 609-10, 780-2; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 24, 34-6.
12. Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 46, 48-50, 52-3, 55-6, 58-9, 64; Michael Duffy, The Englishman and the Foreigner (Chadwyck-Healey, Cambridge, 1986), 15 and plate 50.
13. Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 59-62, 67, 91, 228; Pottle, Boswell, 147; Lord Byron, ‘The Waltz’, cantos 3 and 4; John Wyatt, Wordsworth’s Poems of Travel (Macmillan, London, 1999), 60; Helen Boden, ed., Dorothy Wordsworth’s Continental Journals, 1798-1820 (Thoemmes, Bristol, 1995), 58, 60-1, 68.
14. Mander, German Cousins, 29, 31, 79, 126, 210; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 72-3, 205, 208; Richard Pearson, ed., Thackeray’s Early Travel Writings (Routledge, London, 1997), 364; Lord Gerald Wellesley and John Steegmaan, The Iconography of the First Duke of Wellington (Dent, London, 1935), 35, 67; Winslow Ames, Prince Albert and Victorian Taste (Chapman & Hall, London, 1967), 5-6, 10-12.
15. Trease, Grand Tour, 52, 60-2, 73-4, 107, 119, 142-4, 145, 158-9, 167-9, 179; Jeremy Black, The British and the Grand Tour (Croom Helm, London, 1985), 1, 3-5, 8, 10-13, 15, 77, 183, 216; Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (London, 1719), 5, 161; Pottle, Boswell, 130; Lynne Whitley, Grand Tours and Cook’s Tours (Morris, New York, 1997), 10, 18.
16. Trease, Grand Tour, 142-4, 163; Black, Grand Tour, 38-40, 62-3, 74-5, 84, 139-40; Duffy, Englishman and Foreigner, 13; Morrison, Golden Age of Travel, 128.
17. Andrew Wilkinson, The Golden Age of Travel (Thomas Cook, London, 1998), 18-20, 29, 39, 43; Jon Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (Michael Joseph, London, 1953), 112-13, 116, 160, 167, 174; Edmund Swinglehurst, Thomas Cook (Wayland, Hove, 1983), 19; Marjorie Morgan, National Identities and Travel in Victorian Britain (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2001), 25, 30-1, 32, 36, 88; Whitley, Grand Tours, 97, 168; Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook (Secker & Warburg, London, 1991), 67-9; Heffer, Carlyle, 316; James Buzard, The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature and the Ways to Culture, 1800-1918 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993), 39, 106-7, 183; Sir John Forbes, Sightseeing in Germany (Smith, Elder, London, 1856), v; Johanna Johnston, The Life, Manners and Travels of Fanny Trollope (Hawthorn Books, New York, 1978), 134; Karen Herrmann et al., eds, Coping with the Relations: Anglo-German Cartoons from the Fifties to the Nineties (Goethe Institute, London, 1993), 154.
18. Morgan, National Identities, 48, 51, 54-5, 57, 68, 74, 77, 152-3, 162, 165, 167, 168; Massingham and Massingham, Englishman Abroad, 67, 72-3, 78-9; L. C. Meyer, Near Home, or Europe Described (6th edn, Longmans, Green, London, 1906), 318; Pearson, Thackeray’s Early Travel Writing, xxii.
19. Forbes, Sightseeing, 36-8.
20. Trease, Grand Tour, 12; Mander, German Cousins, 182, 186; Daniel Defoe, The True-Born Englishman (Penguin, London, 1997), 29; Pottle, Boswell, 20, 24, 84, 144; Morrison, Golden Age of Travel, 140; Forbes, Sightseeing, 47-8; Bernard Porter, ‘The Victorians and Europe’, History Today, 12 (January 1992), 16-21; ‘the Pedestrian’, Eight Weeks in Germany (William Whyte, Edinburgh, 1842), 17; Massingham and Massingham, Englishman Abroad, 64; Robbins, ‘Protestant Germany’, 5.
21. Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 44-5; Pottle, Boswell, xiv, xv, 26, 182; Handbook for Travellers on the Continent (John Murray, London, 1850), 205-6, 208-9, 214, 216, 218, 220; Coghlan’s Handbook for Central Europe (H. Hughes, London, 1844), 86, 201; Handbook for Travellers on the Continent (John Murrary, 1871), 221-3; Morrison, Golden Age of Travel, 123, 141.
22. Meyer, Near Home, 21, 23, 232, 287-8, 337, 340, 345-5; Maggie Browne, Chats About Germany (Cassell, London, 1884), 10, 113-14, 18-19, 21-2, 35, 38, 51-3, 58, 59.
23. Jerome, Pilgrimage, 82-3, 92-4; Jerome, My Life, 80, 81; Faurot, Jerome, 49; Walter Gutkess, Jerome K. Jerome: Seine Persönalichkeit und literarische Bedeutung (Frommannsche Buchhandlung, Jena, 1930), 29; Moss, Jerome, 200-2; To-Day, 17 February 1894.
24. Gutch, ‘Bavarians and Others’, 227-8, 236, 243-4; Jerome to unknown correspondent, c. 1904, Walsall Local History Centre, Acc. 137/7; Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men on the Bummel (Penguin edn, London, 1994), 80-1, 86, 92, 100, 107-8, 121, 163; Joseph Connolly, Jerome K. Jerome: A Critical Biography (Orbis, London, 1982), 115; Magnus Alfred Wolfensburger, Jerome Klapka Jerome: Sein literarisches Werk (Juris, Zurich, 1953), 9.
25. Jerome, Bummel, 95-9.
26. Jerome, Bummel, 122-38, 196.
27. Jerome, Bummel, 188, 196-207; Gutkess, Jerome, 33, 83.
28. Spectator, 2 June 1900; Manchester Guardian, 8 August 1900.
29. Jahresberichte über das höhere Schulwesen, ix (1904), 8-9; Neue Philologische Rundschau, 21 September 1901, 451-2; Die neueren Sprachen, x, 10 (1901), 634-7.
30. Gutch, ‘Bavarians and Others’, 244; Jerome, My Life, 138-41.
31. Mander, German Cousins, 9, 20-1, 23-4, 37, 44, 47, 51, 60, 64-72; Lord Byron, ‘Don Juan’, canto 3, LXXXVI; Morrison, Golden Age of Travel, 152-4; Edgar Taylor, ed., German Popular Stories (George Bell, London, 1888), v, 305; Rosemary Ashton, Little Germany: Exile and Asylum in Victorian Britain (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986), 4; Forbes, Sightseeing, 23; Thomas Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts: Junctions in German–British Relations (FCO, London, 1997), 84.
32. Mander, German Cousins, 56-8, 69, 101, 114, ; Heffer, Carlyle, 48, 52-4, 69, 93, 94, 96-8, 100, 115-16, 167, 208, 260, 299, 316,
33. Heffer, Carlyle, 1-4, 297, 317, 335, 335. 372, 374; Mander, German Cousins, 86; Ashton, Little Germany, 11.
34. Mander, German Cousins, 132, 134-6, 141, 163, 197, 209; Robbins, ‘Protestant Germany’, 13-14, 18, 21-2; Kenneth Allott, Matthew Arnold (George Bell, London, 1975), 43-5, 120-1, 265-7; Nicholas Murray, A Life of Matthew Arnold (St Martin’s Press, New York, 1996), 114-15.
35. Mander, German Cousins, 62-4; Ames, Prince Albert and Taste, 28; Hector Bolitho, Albert, Prince Consort (David Bruce and Watson, London, 1970), 96; John A. S. Phillips, ed., Prince Albert and the Victorian Age (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981), 3-4, 6-7.
36. T. F. Tout, ed., Germany in the Nineteenth Century (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1912), v, 133, 184, 221, 227, 241-2.
37. Joseph Bennett, A Story of Ten Hundred Concerts (Chappell, London, 1887); Jim Samson, ed., The Cambridge History of Nineteenth Century Music (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002), 57-9, 60, 71-3, 548; Gerald Abraham, New Oxford History of Music, vol. IX: Romanticism, 1830-1890 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990), 229, 234, 479, 767-9, 776; John Caldwell, Oxford History of English Music, vol. II (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999), 48, 96, 223; Ames, Prince Albert and Taste, 24; Paul Jourdan, ‘Mendelssohn in England’ (University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1998), 45-6, 69-72, 90; Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 100.
38. Jourdan, ‘Mendelssohn in England’, 4, 8, 10, 45-6, 126, 137, 155, 177; Caldwell, English Music, 219; F. A. Cooper, Richard Wagner and Bayreuth (Lancaster Philosophical Society, Lancaster, 1890), 4-6, 16-17, 25-6, 28, 39; The Meister, vol. I, 3, 19, 36, vol. III, 73-81, vol. IX, 4-5; Raymond Mander and Joe Mittchinenson, The Wagner Companion (W. H. Allen, London, 1977), 203-15.
39. Roger Fulford, The Prince Consort (Macmillan, London, 1949), 46-7, 60, 97, 106, 115-16, 138, 156-8, 205-6; Hermione Hobhouse, Prince Albeert: His Life and Work (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1983), 21-3, 26, 34-5, 39-40; Bolitho, Albert, 42; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 101, 103-7, 109-11.
40. Bolitho, Albert, 56, 61, 65, 84, 172; Ames, Prince Albert and Taste, 94, 138; Phillips, Prince Albert, 22; Mark Connelly, Christmas, a Social History (Tauris, London, 1999), 9, 11, 16, 23, 31.
41. Hobhouse, Prince Albert, 46, 52, 78; Fulford, Prince Consort, 42, 76, 81, 88, 98, 150; Mander, German Cousins, 183; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 108; Phillips, Prince Albert, 32, 47.
42. Bolitho, Albert, 98; Fulford, Prince Consort, 99, 167, 177,
181, 237; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 114.
43. Bolitho, Albert, 177; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 120, 122-4,
126-7, 129, 132; Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (Methuen, London,
1961), 350; Bernard Porter, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Britain
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979), 60, 114, 134, 207; Ashton, Little
Germany, xii.
44. Ames, Prince Albert and Taste, 105; Howard, Franco-Prussian War, 57, 225, 246-7, 252; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 146, 152, 160.
45. Howard, Franco-Prussian War, 454; Heffer, Carlyle, 367-8; Mander, German Cousins, 194-5; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 161-2, 165, 168, 176; Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 134; Massingham and Massingham, Englishman Abroad, 87; Kenneth Rose in Sunday Telegraph, 18 October 1992.
46. Mander, German Cousins, 196, 198-200, 236; The Times, 11 December 1876; Ross Hoffman, Great Britain and the German Trade Rivalry, 1875-1914 (University of Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1933), 13, 15-17, 25.
47. Hoffman, German Trade Rivalry, 28-9, 32-3, 73; 75-8, 80-7, Spectator, 14 August 1886.
48. Hoffman, German Trade Rivalry, 246-55; Palmer, Crowned Cousins, 183-6.
49. Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914 (Humanity Books, Amherst, NY, 1980), 205-6, 208, 211-12; George Drower, Heligoland: The True Story of German Bight and the Island that Britain Betrayed (Sutton, Stroud, 2002), passim.
50. Fred Wile, The Men About the Kaiser (Heinemann, London, 1913), vii; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 18 May 1965.
51. Gillian Bence-Jones, Preston Tower (Kite Modern Poetry Series, Hyde, 2004), 34.