Chapter Two
‘When will Germany strike? Who Knows?’: 1890–1914
1. David A. T. Stafford, ‘Conspiracy and Xenophobia: The Popular Spy Novels of William Le Queux, 1893-1914’, Europa, 3, 3 (1982), 168-9, 174-5; Roger T. Stearn, ‘The Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, Soldiers of the Queen, the Victorian Military Society Magazine, 70 (September 1992), 6-27; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004); G. B. Burgin, Memoirs of a Clubman (Hutchinson, London, 1921), 134-5; Who’s Who (1909).
2. Stearn, ‘Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, 8-9, 11; Stafford, ‘Conspiracy and Xenophobia’, 172.
3. William Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England (Frank Cass, London, 1996 edn), 219.
4. A. J. A. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament, 1896-1914 (Routledge, London, 1984), 121; Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, 136-7; G. W. Monger, The End of Isolation (Nelson, London, 1963), 1-7, 14, 99; I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, 1763-3749 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), 95, 98-9, 117-18; I. F. Clarke, The Tale of the Next Great War, 1871-1914 (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, 1995), 176, 189, 209; Martin Kröger, ‘Imperial Germany and the Boer War’, in Keith Wilson, ed., The International Impact of the Boer War (Acumen, Chesham, 2001), 33.
5. I. F. Clarke, The Great War with Germany, 1890-1914 (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1997), 2; Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (Macmillan, London, 1977), 23; Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914 (Humanity Books, Amherst, NY, 1980), 209, 211, 215, 218, 225, 251, 288; Fred Wile, Men Around the Kaiser (Heinemann, London, 1913), 8.
6. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 214.
7. Kröger, ‘Imperial Germany’, 26, 30, 35, 37; E. D. Steele, Lord Salisbury (UCL Press, London, 1999), 318-19; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 221, 257; Morris, Scaremongers, 18; Kenneth Bourne, The Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830-1902 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970), 165; R. C. K. Ensor, England 1870-1914 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1936), 259; Vorwärts, 10 January 1896; Neue Preußische Zeitung, 2 and 11 January 1896; Hamburgischer Correspondent, 5 January 1896; Kölnische Zeitung, 12 and 13 January 1896.
8. Cecil Eby, The Road to Armageddon: The Martial Spirit in English Popular Literature, 1870-1914 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1988), 187-8; Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain (Allen & Unwin, London, 1985), 250; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 27; Steele, Salisbury, 329; Monger, End of Isolation, 22-38; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 246.
9. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 25-7; J. A. S. Grenville, Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy (Athlone Press, London, 1970 edn), 43, 103, 153-4, 334-5, 344-69; P. J. V. Rolo, Entente Cordiale (Macmillan, London, 1969), 72-3, 118-19; 122; Balfour, Chamberlain, 243-5, 247, 249-51; P. J. V. Rolo, ‘Lansdowne’, in K. M. Wilson, ed., British Foreign Secretaries and Foreign Policy (Croom Helm, London, 1987), 159-61, 164-5; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 246.
10. Grenville, Salisbury, 155, 341, 344-5, 353-5, 364, 369; Balfour, Chamberlain, 245, 247; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 234, 248-9, 263; Bourne, Foreign Policy, 473; Monger, End of Isolation, 15-18, 107-8, 177; Volks-Zeitung, 8 January 189; Jerrold M. Packard, Farewell in Spendour: The Death of Queen Victoria and Her Age (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1995), 116.
11. Ensor, England, 369-70, 402-3; Monger, End of Isolation, 114, 185, 237, 247-9, 274, 289, 293; Bourne, Foreign Policy, 179, 481; Morris, Scaremongers, 281; Christopher Howard, ed., Diary of Edward Goschen, 1900-14 (Royal Historical Society, Camden Fourth Series, London, 1980), 237; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 30, 35, 36, 44, 71, 241; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 266, 269, 447, 449, 451, 458; Kröger, ‘Imperial Germany’, 39.
12. E. E. Williams, ‘Made in Germany’ (Harvester Press edn, Brighton, 1973), 44; Our German Cousins (Daily Mail, London, 1909), 6; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 60, 63, 67; Steele, Salisbury, 368; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 292-3, 295, 302, 305, 307.
13. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 64, 95; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 299; Norman Angell, After All: The Autobiography of Norman Angell (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1951), 184-5.
14. Morris, Scaremongers, 203-4; Our German Cousins, 23-4, 26, 33-4.
15. Owen Knowles and Gene Moore, Oxford Reader’s Companion to Conrad (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000), 136-7, 139, 326, 356, 390; Joseph Conrad, ‘The End of the Tether’, in Heart of Darkness and Two Other Stories (Folio Society, London, 1997), 192, 272.
16. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 308-10.
17. Our German Cousins, 107; Monger, End of Isolation, 69, 82-3, 163, 206; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 31, 48; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 224, 239, 247-8, 252, 270, 370, 377.
18. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 416, 420-1.
19. Eby, Road to Armageddon, 188; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 59; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 244; Alan Bullock and Maurice Shock, eds, The Liberal Tradition (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1956), 247; Morris, Scaremongers, 169, 183.
20. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 54-5, 57, 98, 147; Morris, Scaremongers, 257, 349; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 443-4; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 36.
21. Clarke, Next Great War, 1; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 11, 29; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 57, 59, 116; Morris, Scaremongers, 101; Clarke, Great War with Germany, 17.
22. Clarke, Great War with Germany, 10; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 29-32; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 100, 118-20; George Drower, Heligoland: The True Story of German Bight and the Island that Britain Betrayed (Sutton, Stroud, 2002),128, 145.
23. Clarke, Next Great War, 22, 252; Clarke, Great War with Germany, 2, 17, 150, 255-6, 347; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 122-3; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 33-5; Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: Propaganda in the First World War (Allen Lane, London, 1977), 11; Stearn, ‘Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, 14; Stafford, ‘Conspiracy and Xenophobia’, 176-7.
24. Eby, Road to Armageddon, 73, 75, 81-3, 137-40, 165, 167; Stearn, ‘Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, 16; Richard van Emden and Steve Humphries, All Quiet on the Home Front (Headline, London, 2003), 2; Stafford, ‘Conspiracy and Xenophobia’, 177; Clarke, Great War with Germany, 22, 341; Haste, Home Fires, 11.
25. Clarke, Next Great War, 21; Clarke, Great War with Germany, 3, 9-10, 13, 23, 97; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 108, 119-21; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 273, 275; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 32, 48.
26. Stearn, ‘Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, 17; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 51-2; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 125-6; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 65, 67; Monger, End of Isolation, 94, 230; Morris, Scaremongers, 121, 335-6, 338, 380; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 252-3, 382.
27. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 122-3; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 54; Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, xv–xxiii, xxvii, 7; Morris, Scaremongers, 160-1; Drower, Heligoland, 148; David French, ‘Spy Fever in Britain, 1900-15’, Historical Journal, 21 (1978).
28. Morris, Scaremongers, 149, 159; Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, xxix, xxxiii, 49, 72-3; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 65-8.
29. Grenville, Salisbury, 103; Ensor, England, 260; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 286.
30. Drower, Heligoland, 139; Our German Cousins, 15; Grenville, Salisbury, 37, 332-3, 335-6, 356-7; Morris, Scaremongers, 34, 136, 173, 343; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 220, 237, 400, 403, 408-9; Vorwärts, 7 January 1896; Howard, Diary of Goschen, 280, 293-5; Wile, Men Around the Kaiser, 26; Anthony Read and David Fisher, Berlin Rising: Biography of a City (Norton, New York, 1994), 139.
31. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 401; Monger, End of Isolation, 99, 22, 267; Simon Heffer, Power and Place: The Political Consequences of Edward VII (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998), 70, 270; Harold Nicolson, George V (Pan, London, 1967 edn), 246-7, 261-3, 326; Kenneth Rose, King George V, 165; Packard, Farewell in Splendour, 261.
32. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 40, 45, 77, 154; Monger, End of Isolation, 260, 280, 296-8; Morris, Scaremongers, 216, 259; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 283, 384-5, 415-16; Bourne, Foreign Policy, 493; Drower, Heligoland, 64.
33. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 47, 165, 171-87; Bourne, Foreign Policy, 481-96; Monger, End of Isolation, 173, 264-5, 313; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 254, 399, 432-7; Rudyard Kipling, The Definitive Edition of Kipling’s Verse (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1940), 712-13; P. G. Wodehouse, The White Feather (Penguin edn, London, 1986), 66.
34. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 255, 317, 361-86, 414; Morris, Scaremongers, 6, 37, 107, 207, 213, 219; Daily Mail, 16-23 December 1909; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 21, 49, 168; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 28, 75; Drower, Heligoland, 94, 152; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 109.
35. Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 140; Clarke, Great War with Germany, 11; Morris, Scaremongers, 226, 267-8, 311-13; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 287-8, 318, 380, 387-8, 389-90; Angell, After All, 184.
36. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 287, 380, 391, 394; Bourne, Foreign Policy, 479, 491; Angell, After All, 150-1, 159.
37. Bourne, Foreign Policy, 467, 485-7; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 311, 313, 430, 467; Morris, Scaremongers, 7281-2; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 42, 78; Drower, Heligoland, 133.
38. Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 457; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 165-7; Steiner, Britain and the Origins, 219; Stearn, ‘Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, 22.