Chapter Three
‘When the English Learned to Hate’: 1914–18
1. George Orwell, ‘Rudyard Kipling’, New English Review, 23 January 1936; Rudyard Kipling, The Definitive Edition of Kipling’s Verse (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1940), 673; Peter Buitenhuis, The Great War of Words: Literature as Propaganda, 1914-18 and after (Batsford, London, 1989), 108; Daniel Pick, War Machine: The Rationalisation of Slaughter in the Modern Age (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, and London, 1993), 148-9; G. P. Gooch, Germany (Ernest Benn, London, 1926), 118.
2. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, xvi, 81; Stuart Wallace, War and the Image of Germany: British Academics, 1914-18 (John Donald, Edinburgh, 1988), 154, 184; Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Bantam, London, 1989), 236; Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: Propaganda in the First World War (Allen Lane, London, 1977), 108-9.
3. Sir Llewelyn Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 1914-18 (Methuen, London, 1967), esp. xvi–xvii; Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions: German Policies, 1911-14 (Chatto & Windus, London, 1975); Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914 (Humanity Books, Amherst, NY, 1980), 457; Robin Winks and R. J. Q. Adams, Europe 1890-1945: Crisis and Conflict (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), 99.
4. John Williams, The Other Battleground: The Home Fronts, 1914-18 (Henry Regnery, Chicago, IL, 1972), 26, 69; Martin Stephen, The Price of Pity: Poetry, History and Myth in the Great War (Leo Cooper, London, 1996), 134; Haste, Home Fires, 22; Wallace, Image of Germany, 77, 117, 131; Richard van Emden and Steve Humphries, All Quiet on the Home Front (Headline, London, 2003), 8, 15.
5. Martin Evans and Kenn Lunn, eds, War and Memory in the 20th Century (Berg, Oxford, 97), 224, 232; J. M. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War (Routledge, London, 1974), 167; R. J. Q. Adams and Philip Poirier, The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-1918 (Macmillan, London, 1987), 90; Stephen Koss, Nonconformity in Modern British Politics (Batsford, London, 1975), 133, 158; Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 164; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 45, 151; Roland Stromberg, Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914 (Regents Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1982), 50; Pick, War Machine, 147, 150, 151.
6. Williams, Other Battleground, 21, 65-6; Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1986), 160-1, 632; Haste, Home Fires, 115, 126; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 54, 68, 73-4; Rosemary Ashton, Little Germany: Exile and Asylum in Victorian Britain (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986), 245-6; Norman Ellis, Towards Little Germany (Low Moore Library Local History Group, Bradford, 1997), 5, 41, 57, 64, 88.
7. Williams, Other Battleground, 65; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 160, 198, 643; Edward David, ed., Inside Asquith’s Cabinet: From the Diaries of Charles Hobhouse (John Murray, London, 1977), 144, 179; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 143; David Gilmour, The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling (John Murray, London, 2002), 260; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 69, 122, 125.
8. Stromberg, Redemption by War, 54; Wallace, Image of Germany, 4, 7, 37, 161, 164-5; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 44, 56; Haste, Home Fires, 113.
9. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 46; Lewis Foreman, ed., Oh My Horses: Elgar and the Great War (Elgar editions, Rickmansworth, 2001), 90; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 643; Wallace, Image of Germany, 161; Kenneth Rose, King George V (Phoenix, London, 1983), 173-5; Earl of Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling (W. H. Allen, London, 1978), 262.
10. Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (Bodley Head, London, 1990), 75-8; Williams, Other Battleground, 33; Foreman, Oh My Horses, 94-5, 106-7, 186.
11. Foreman, Oh My Horses, 41, 73, 141, 148, 214; Michael Kennedy, Portrait of Elgar (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1968), 223.
12. Jeremy Dibble, C. Hubert Parry (Oxford University Presss, Oxford, 1992), 98-204, 106, 108, 141, 146, 249, 259, 345, 418; Roy Jenkins, Asquith (Fontana edn, London, 1967), 609.
13. Dibble, Parry, 469-71, 474, 483, 485-6, 488; Jeremy Dibble, Charles Villiers Stanford (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002), 51, 113, 420-1.
14. Koss, Nonconformity, 125-31, 143; Stromberg, Redemption by War, 54.
15. Paula Bartley, Emmeline Pankhurst (Routledge, London, 2002), 24, 184-6, 188; Gilmour, Long Recessional, 228; Nicoletta Gullace, The Blood of Our Sons: Men, Women and the Renegotiation of Citizenship during the Great War (Palgrave, London, 2002), 1, 136.
16. Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (2nd edn, Merlin, London, 1973), 41, 44, 47, 52; Stromberg, Redemption by War, 47, 52, 135; Winter, Socialism, 73, 143, 153-4.
17. Stephen, Price of Pity, 99, 115-16, 131-4; Brian Bond, The Unquiet Western Front (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002), 12; Pick, War Machine, 141; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 114, 116; Imogen Gassert, ‘In a Foreign Field: What Soldiers in the Trenches Liked to Read’, Times Literary Supplement, 10 May 2002; Winter, Socialism, 162; Richard Holmes, Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914-18 (HarperCollins, London, 2004), 535-6, 541; Nicholas Reeves, Official British Film Propaganda during the First World War (Croom Helm, London, 1986), 160; Jane Carmichael, First World War Photographers (Routledge, London, 1989), 126.
18. Williams, Other Battleground, 26, 30; Michael Paris, The First World War and Popular Cinema (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1999), 32; L. J. Collins, Theatre at War, 1914-1918 (Macmillan, London, 1998), 177-8, 184, 186-7; Foreman, Oh My Horses, 186.
19. Williams, Other Battleground, 69, 127; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 641-2; Hynes, War Imagined, 231; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 47; A. J. A. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament, 1896-1914 (Routledge, London, 1984), 3, 9; Haste, Home Fires, 116; Roger Stearn, ‘The Mysterious Mr Le Queux’, Soldiers of the Queen, the Victorian Military Society Magazine, 70 (September 1992), 22.
20. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, passim; Wallace, Image of Germany, chs. 2, 3, 10; Collins, Theatre at War, 178; Pick, War Machine, 147; Walter Raleigh, ‘Shakespeare and England’, Annual Shakespeare Lecture, British Academy, 4 July 1918, 14.
21. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 22-3, 90, 111; Arthur Conan Doyle, His Last Bow (Penguin edn, Harmondsworth, 1997), 182-4, 189-97; Cecil Eby, The Road to Armageddon: The Martial Spirit in English Popular Literature (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1988), 195.
22. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 109-10; Janet Adam Smith, John Buchan (Hart-Davis, London, 1965), 197, 206-7, 259; Richard Usborne, Clubland Heroes (Hutchinson, London, 1983), 87, 129; Hynes, War Imagined, 45, 224; Gilmour, Long Recessional, 266-7.
23. Daily Mail Year Book, 1917 (Daily Mail, London, 1917), 57-8; Woodward, Britain and the War, 18-24; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 745; Wallace, Image of Germany, 26; Birkenhead, Kipling, 259; Christopher Howard, ed., The Diary of Edward Goschen, 1900-14 (Royal Historical Society, Camden Fourth Series, London, 1980), 51-2; Punch, 23 August 1914; Gullace, Blood of Our Sons, 22.
24. John Galsworthy, Maid in Waiting, in idem, The End of the Chapter (Heinemann, London, 1935), 54; Haste, Home Fires, 22; Michael Brock and Eleanor Brock. eds, H. H. Asquith Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982), 204, 209, 258; David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 186, 193; Gilmour, Long Recessional, 255.
25. Woodward, Britain and the War, 235; Reeves, British Film Propaganda, 127; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 739-40.
26. Wallace, Image of Germany, 174, 176, 179; Haste, Home Fires, 94; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 183-91; John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, and London, 2001), passim.
27. John Taylor, War Photography (Routledge, London, 1991), 20; Martin Farrar, News from the Front: War Correspondents on the Western Front (Sutton, Stroud, 1998), 60, 80; Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 163; Birkenhead, Kipling, 273; Woodward, Britain and the War, 127; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 196.
28. Taylor, War Photography, 34; Carmichael, First World War Photographers, 125; Brock and Brock, Asquith Letters, 334-5; Foreman, Oh My Horses, 19-20, 26, 37, 42; Daily Mail Year Book, 48; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 51.
29. Williams, Other Battleground, 235; Stuart Sillars, Art and Survival in First World War Britain (St Martin’s Press, New York, 1987), 106-8; John Gross, ed., Rudyard Kipling: The Man, His Work and His World (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1972), 139; Joseph Morris, German Air Raids on Britain, 1914-18 (Sampson, Low, London, 1925), v; Carmichael, First World War Photographers, 127; Woodward, Britain and the War, 371-2, 375-6.
30. Brock and Brock, Asquith Letters, 573; Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 167; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 735-6; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 28; Williams, Other Battleground. 94; Woodward, Britain and the War, 202; Gerard de Groot, The First World War (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2001), 188; Haste, Home Fires, 102; David Ramsay, Lusitania: Saga and Myth (Chatham Publishing, London, 2001), 196; van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet, 77-8.
31. de Groot, First World War, 149, 153; Gerd Hardach, The First World War (Allen Lane, London, 1977), 239; Brock and Brock, Asquith Letters, 455, 476; Anthony Read and David Fisher, Berlin Rising: Biography of a City (Norton, New York, 1994), 159-60.
32. Wallace, Image of Germany, 106; Holmes, Tommy, 50-1; Geoffrey Malins, How I Filmed the War (Imperial War Museum reprint, London, 1993), 270, 279; Wilson, Myriad Faces, 447.
33. Collins, Theatre at War, 178, 185, 199; Eby, Road to Armageddon, 133, 141; Bookman, 27 August 1920; Gullace, Blood of Our Sons, 35.
34. David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 163.
35. Woodward, Britain and the War, 577; Wallace, Image of Germany, 80; de Groot, First World War, 181-2; Gross, Kipling, 140; Hynes, War Imagined, 42-3, 51.
36. Wallace, Image of Germany, 65-7.
37. Angus Wilson, The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling (Secker & Warburg, London, 1977), 301; Winter, Socialism, 154; Wallace, Image of Germany, 72; Stromberg, Redemption by War, 144, 148; Pick, War Machine, 145-6; Kennedy, Anglo-German Antagonism, 377.
38. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 34; Peter Rowland, Lloyd George (Barrie & Jenkins, London, 1975), 251, 287-8, 384, 428.
39. Raleigh, ‘Shakespeare and England’, 12-13; Wallace, Image of Germany, 64-5; Stromberg, Redemption by War, 149, 190; Winter, Socialism, 243.
40. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 99; Wallace, Image of Germany, 31, 175.
41. Pick, War Machine, 154; Wallace, Image of Germany, 32, 35, 73, 75, 170; Foreman, Oh My Horses, 16, 67; Stromberg, Redemption by War, 139, 142-5.
42. Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 37; Collins, Theatre at War, 185; Hynes, War Imagined, 68.
43. Gilmour, Long Recessional, 206; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 30, 39, 40, 59.
44. Wallace, Image of Germany, 183-4; Pick, War Machine, 154, 157; de Groot, First World War, 146; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 22; James D. Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (Arno Press, New York, 1975), 32-7; James D. Steakley, ‘Iconography of a Scandal’, in Martin Duberman et al., eds, Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (Meridian, New York, 1990), 235, 247; Gilmour, Long Recessional, 250; Wilson, Strange Ride, 300; Punch, 31 May 1916.
45. Williams, Other Battleground, 195; Reeves, British Film Propaganda, 183; Haste, Home Fires, 121; Gilmour, Long Recessional, 287; Hardach, First World War, 227-8, 231-3; Woodward, Britain and the War, xv, xvii, 214, 240, 402, 408; Wallace, Image of Germany, 186; John Bourne, Britain and the Great War (Arnold, London, 1985), 225; Bond, Unquiet Western Front, 16-17; Paris, First World War and Popular Cinema, 42.
46. Daily Mail Year Book, 7; Wallace, Image of Germany, 120; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 142; Stephen, Price of Pity, 83; Woodward, Britain and the War, 216-17, 563; Wilson, Strange Ride, 300.
47. New Statesman, 18 January 1919; Bartley, Emmeline Pankhurst, 206; Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans (Chatham House, London, 1938), 17; Reeves, British Film Propaganda, 204-5; Haste, Home Fires, 127.
48. Gilmour, Long Recessional, 116, 144, 248-51; Gross, Kipling, 44; Birkenhead, Kipling, 183-4, 252; Edward Shanks, Rudyard Kipling (Doubleday, New York, 1940), 232; Wilson, Strange Ride, 298-9.
49. Birkenhead, Kipling, 258, 270, 309, 316; Gross, Kipling, 136, 138; Wilson, Strange Ride, 310-12; Buitenhuis, Great War of Words, 106-7.
50. Usborne, Clubland Heroes, 12, 148.
51. Gross, Kipling, 149, 160; Birkenhead, Kipling, 343; Gilmour,
Long Recessional, 260; Roger Moore, ‘The Empire Strikes Back’,
The Times, 23 October 2004.