Chapter Four
'The Germans are unchanged': good Germans and Nazis in the age of Adolf Hitler
1. Sir Austen Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 11 July 1931, in Robert Self,
ed., The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. 5 (Royal Historical Society,
Camden Fifth Series, London, 1995), 372.
2. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. I: Hopes Betrayed, 1883-1920 (Macmillan, London, 1983), 55, 92-3, 122, 296, 345-6, 353.
3. Skidelsky, Keynes I, 378; Keith Middlemas, ed., Thomas Jones' Whitehall Diary, vol. I: 1916-1925 (Oxford University Press, London, 1969), 88; John McEwen, ed., The Riddell Diaries: A Selection (Athlone Press, London, 1986), 271.
4. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (Macmillan, London, 1984 edn), 16, 20, 23, 29, 90, 143; Skidelsky, Keynes I, 383-6, 389; J. M. Keynes, Essays in Biography (Norton, New York, 1963 edn), 33, 35; Robert Self, ed., Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. III: The Heir Apparent (Ashgate, London, 2002), 389.
5. Keynes, Economic Consequences, 10, 43, 75, 80, 84-7, 92, 142, 187.
6. Skidelsky, Keynes I, 391, 393-4; Keynes, Economic Consequences, xxi, xxv, 189 (and reviews cited on cover); Kenneth O. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918-1922 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979), 110; Ruth Dudley Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist, 1843-1993 (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1993), 602.
7. Ben Pimlott, ed., The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918-40, 1940-60 (Cape, London, 1987), 16; Skidelsky, Keynes I, 392; Self, Austen Chamberlain, 122, 434; Robert Self, ed., The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. I: The Making of a Politician, 1915-20 (Ashgate, London, 2000), 358, 360; Middlemas, Jones' Whitehall Diary, 255; Mark Pottle, ed., Champion Redoubtable: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonhan Carter, 1914-45 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998), 107; Donald Birn, The League of Nations Union, 1918-1945 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981), 17-18; Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), 64; Gerard Schulz, Revolutions and Peace Treaties (Methuen, London, 1967), 225-6.
8. F. L. Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic (Schocken Books, New York, 1984), 1, 3; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 39, 41, 44, 63; Michael Dockrill and Douglas Gould, Peace without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conference, 1919-23 (Batsford, London, 1981), 46, 49; Maurice Hankey, The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference (Allen & Unwin, London, 1963), 20, 195; Self, Chamberlain I, 289; Keynes, Essays in Biography, 17; Martin Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold (Heinemann, London, 1973), 379; Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans (Macmillan, London, 1967 edn), 87; Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 39-41; Keynes, Economic Consequences, 35, 37.
9. Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931-1950 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1954), 132.
10. Jones, Diary with Letters, 250; McEwen, Riddell Diaries, 262, 265-6; Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 139; Dockrill and Gould, Peace without Promise, 44-5; Keynes, Economic Consequences, 97; Schulz, Revolutions and Peace Treaties, 166; Paul Kennedy, The Realities behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy (Fontana, London, 1981), 208-9; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 31, 46; Skidelsky, Keynes I, 367, 370-1.
11. Vernon Bartlett, I Know What I Liked (Chatto & Windus, London, 1974), 57; Kennedy, Realities behind Diplomacy, 213, 217; McEwen, Riddell Diary, 279; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 64; Hankey, Supreme Control, 177; Schulz, Revolutions and Peace Treaties, 168-9, 186.
12. McEwen, Riddell Diary, 275, 277; Hankey, Supreme Control, 154, 177; Keynes, Economic Consequences, 40; Schulz, Revolutions and Peace Treaties, 179-82, 185.
13. Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 23-9, 74; Hesketh Pearson, The Whispering Gallery (Phoenix Press, London, 2000 edn), xvii; Birn, League of Nations Union, 155; Keynes, Essays in Biography, 64; Victor Gollancz, Shall Our Children Live or Die (Gollancz, London, 1942), 10.
14. G. P. Gooch, Germany (Ernest Benn, London, 1925), v, 110, 124, 220, 236; The Times, 31 March 1925.
15. Lord D'Abernon, An Ambassador of Peace: Lord D'Abernon's Diary, vol. II: The Years of Crisis (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1929), 75-6, 284, 288; Viscountess D'Abernon, Red Cross and Berlin Embassy: Diary 1915-26 (John Murray, London, 1946), 59, 96-8, 141.
16. Alan Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. I: Trades Union Leader (Heinemann, London, 1960), 113-14; Nicholas Reeves, Official British Film Propaganda during the First World War (Croom Helm, London, 1986), 126, 314; Karel Dibbets and Bert Hogenkamp, eds, Film and the First World War (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1995), 217; Roger T. Stearn, 'The Mysterious Mr Le Queux', Soldiers of the Queen, the Victorian Military Society Magazine, 70 (September 1992), 24; David Stafford, 'Conspiracy of Xenophobia: The Popular Spy Novels of William Le Queux', Europa, 3, 3 (1982), 173; Birn, League of Nations Union, 45, 63-4; Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 173; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 120-1; Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway (Penguin, London, 1996 edn), 136.
17. Skidelsky, Keynes I, 360, 362; Middlemas, Jones' Whitehall Diary, 81; Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 9, 14, 21, 129, 142, 145; Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II: The Economist as Saviour, 1920-37 (Macmillan, London, 1992), 435.
18. Bullock, Bevin I, 233; John. F. Naylor, Labour's International Policy: The Labour Party in the 1930s (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1969), 12-13, 36, 38; Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 143, 313; Kenneth Young, The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915-1938 (Macmillan, London, 1973), 71; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 65, 86; Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 47, 65, 72, 98, 227, 273; Skidelsky, Keynes II, 19, 32, 34, 48-9, 54, 90, 120, 435.
19. Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 27, 54, 81, 137; Pottle, Champion Redoubtable, 153; Norman Rose, Harold Nicolson (Cape, London, 2005), 156; John Barnes and David Nicholson, eds, The Leo Amery Diaries, vol. I : 1896-1929 (Hutchinson, London, 1980), 351; Robert Self, ed., The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. II: The Reform Years, 1920-27 (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000), 142; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 97, 114; Gilbert, Rumbold, 321, 336, 351; Robert Rhodes James, ed., Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1967), 28.
20. Young, Bruce Lockhart Diaries, 82; Middlemas, Jones' Whitehall Diary, 106; Self, Austen Chamberlain, 116; Pottle, Champion Redoubtable, 180; Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 35, 57, 168, 201, 246; Gilbert, Rumbold, 319-20; Skidelsky, Keynes II, 33.
21. Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 18, 88, 207; Gooch, Germany, 342, 344, 347, 349; Brigitte Granzow, A Mirror of Nazism: British Opinion and the Emergence of Hitler, 1929-33 (Gollancz, London, 1964), 34, 53, 138; Peter Parker, Isherwood: A Life (Picador, London, 2004), 342.
22. Guardian, 27 November 2004; UCLA Daily Bruin, 26 February 1976.
23. Stephen Spender, World within Worlds (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1964), 12, 104, 109, 111; Norman Page, Auden and Isherwood: The Berlin Years (St Martin's Press, New York, 1998), 39; Christopher Isherwood, 'Better England Free than England Sober', CI 1022, Isherwood MSS, Box 38, Huntington Library.
24. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (Harper, New York, 1970), xiii-xiv, 7, 9, 135; Anthony Read and David Fisher, Berlin Rising: Biography of a City (Norton, New York, 1994), 182; Bärbel Schrader and Jürgen Schebera, The 'Golden Twenties': Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic (Yale University Press, London, 1988), 31; Spender, World within Worlds, 108-9.
25. Anthony Sutcliffe, ed., Metropolis, 1890-1940 (Mansell, London, 1984), 301; Andrew Sinclair, Francis Bacon (Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1993), 50; Valentine Cunningham, British Writers of the Thirties (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988), 346-7.
26. John Willett, The Weimar Years: A Culture Cut Short (Thames & Hudson, London, 1984), 42, 95; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 169, 171; Page, Auden and Isherwood, 8; Robert McCalmon, Being Geniuses Together (Secker & Warburg, London, 1938), 63; Sefton Delmer, Trail Sinister: An Autobiography (Secker & Warburg, London, 1961), 75, 78.
27. Gay, Weimar Culture, 52, 88, 92-5, 123; Alan Bance, Weimar Germany: Writers and Politics (Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1982), 2.
28. Willett, Weimar Years, 41, 86; Gay, Weimar Culture, 130; Wolf von Eckhardt and Sander L. Gilman, Bertolt Brecht's Berlin (Doubleday, New York), 77, 85; Schrader and Schebera, Golden Twenties, 170; John Lehmann, Christopher Isherwood: A Personal Memoir (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1987), 13; Bance, Weimar Germany, 110-11; 138, 149; Page, Auden and Isherwood, 67-8, 175-6; Humphrey Carpenter, W. H. Auden (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), 35, 106; Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind (University of Minnesota Press edn, Minneapolis, 2001), 88; The Times, 29 March 1928; Parker, Isherwood, 175-6; John Sutherland, 'Stephen Spender', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
29. Willett, Weimar Years, 23, 89, 96; Gay, Weimar Culture, 64; Eckhardt and Gilman, Brecht's Berlin, 112; The Times, 21 June 1929; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 151, 183; Sinclair, Bacon, 49; Gilles Néret, The Arts of the Twenties (Rizzoli, New York, 1990), 60-2.
30. Gay, Weimar Culture, 102; Roger Manvell, ed., Masterworks of the German Cinema (Lorimer, London, 1973), 8, 11; Willett, Weimar Years, 57, 60, 108, 115, 125; Thorsten Palmer and Hendrik Neubauer, Weimar Germany through the Lens of the Press (Könemann, Cologne, 2000), 230-1, 363; Schrader and Schebera, Golden Twenties, 193; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 184; Sutcliffe, Metropolis, 152-7; Néret, Arts of the Twenties, 18, 225-6; Alan Balfour, Berlin: The Politics of Order (Rizzoli, New York, 1990), 37; Herman George Scheffauer, The New Vision in the German Arts (Ernest Benn, London, 1924); Page, Auden and Isherwood, 155; Film Society programmes, 1925-32, BFI Library; The Times, 23 September 1932.
31. Donald Spoto, The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock (Plexus, London, 1983), 66, 68, 81, 86.
32. Willett, Weimar Years, 15, 47, 70-1; Gay, Weimar Culture, 98-9; Eckhardt and Gilman, Brecht's Berlin, 117, 121; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 185-6; Sutcliffe, Metropolis, 308; Alan Balfour, ed., Berlin (Academy Editions, London, 1995), 7; Michael T. Saler, The Avant-Garde in Interwar Britain: Medieval Modernism and the London Underground (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999), 10, 13, 73, 102, 128, 132, 142; The Times, 2 August 1929, 1 April 1932; Néret, Arts of the Twenties, 13, 48, 117, 126, 128-9, 132; Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigrés (Chatto & Windus, London, 2002), 57, 67, and plates; Paul Nash, Room and Book (Soncino Press, London, 1932), 27, 29, 34; Dorothy Todd and Raymond Mortimer, The New Interior Decoration (Batsford, London, 1929), 5, plate 3, 18.
33. Page, Auden and Isherwood, 3; Christopher Isherwood, The Berlin of Sally Bowles (Hogarth Press, London, 1975), 68, 308; Stephen Spender, The Temple (Faber, London, 1988), 40, 157, 195.
34. Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 104, 135; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 197; E. T. Scheffhauer, Eastertide in Germany (Terramure, London, 1934), 4, 8, 13; Isherwood, Christopher, 7-8; Jost Hermand and James Steakley, eds, Heimat, Nation, Fatherland (Peter Levy, New York, 1996), 59, 81.
35. Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office (Gollancz, London, 1965), 23, 26, 92; Naylor, Labour's International Policy, 47, 49, 69, 216, 352; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 139; David Ayerst, The Manchester Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1971), 507, 515; Neville Thompson, The Anti-Appeasers: Conservative Opposition to Appeasement in the 1930s (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971), 43; Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic, 281; Self, Austen Chamberlain, 453; Dorothy Woodman, Hitler Rearms: An Exposure of Germany's War Plans (Bodley Head, London, 1934), 241, 285; Franklin Reid Gannon, The British Press and Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971), 294; James Sturgis and Margaret Bird, Canada's Imperial Past: The Life of F. J. Ney (University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh, 2000), 123-34.
36. Benny Morris, The Roots of Appeasement: The British Weekly Press and Nazi Germany (Frank Cass, London, 1991), 6-9; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (Macmillan, London, 1959), 90-1; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 165; Gannon, British Press, 2, 232, Granzow, Mirror of Nazism, 13, 29, 43, 46, 97, 156, 160, 182, 187; Wesley Wark, The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986), 31, 33, 86-7.
37. Morris, Roots of Appeasement, 14, 20, 22, 26-9, 32, 74, 141, 173; Gilbert, Rumbold, 331; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 144, 160; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945 (Cassell, London, 1971), 13; Nicholas Crowson, Facing Fascism: The Conservative Party and the European Dictators, 1935-40 (Routledge, London, 1997), 39, 43; Thompson, Anti-Appeasers, 44, 158, 161; Gannon, British Press, 11, 17-18, 167; Nigel Nicolson, ed., Harold Nicolson: Diary and Letters, 1930-39 (Collins, London, 1966), 249.
38. George Orwell, 'Wartime Diary, 1941', in idem, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. II: My Country Right or Left, 1940-43 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970), 447-8; George Orwell, 'Road to Wigan Pier Diary', in idem, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. I: An Age Like This, 1920-40 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970), 225; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 81, 88; Naylor, Labour's International Policy, 132-3; Morris, Roots of Appeasement, 98-101; Birn, League of Nations Union, 164; Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 97; Thompson, Anti-Appeasers, 36, 39, 103; Crowson, Facing Fascism, 41; Jones, Diary with Letters, 209; Young, Bruce Lockhart Diaries, 372, 380; Richard Griffiths, Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983), 247.
39. Duff Hart-Davis, Hitler's Games: The 1936 Olympics in Berlin (Century, London, 1986), 43-4, 214-15; Sturgis and Bird, Ney, 146-7; Rhodes James, Chips, 106-7; Read and Fisher, Berlin, 211; Griffiths, Fellow Travellers, 125-6, 189, 221; Colin Seymour-Ure, 'The Times and Appeasement', in idem, The Political Impact of the Mass Media (Constable, London, 1974), 92.
40. Graham Wootton, The Official History of the British Legion (Macdonald & Evans, London, 1956), 123, 169-78, 182-7, 190-3, 197, 200, 227, 232, 240; Antony Brown, Red for Remembrance: British Legion, 1921-71 (Heinemann, London, 1971), 33-4, 35-41; Deborah Cohen, The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001), 171; Griffiths, Fellow Travellers, 130; Edwards, Pursuit of Reason, 667-8.
41. Young, Bruce Lockhart Diaries, 309; Self, Austen Chamberlain, 444, 516; Rhodes James, Chips, 69; Hart-Davis, Hitler's Games, 41; Jones, Diary with Letters, 200, 253-4.
42. Skidelsky, Keynes II, 486; Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. III: Fighting for Britain (Macmillan, London, 2000), 30-1.
43. Crowson, Facing Fascism, 19, 24-5; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement, 154; Griffiths, Fellow Travellers, 110-11, 125-6, 176-7, 183-5, 239, 251, 267, 274, 281-2, 308-9, 311, 314; Alan Wilkinson, Dissent or Conform: War, Peace and the English Churches (SCM Press, London, 1986), 145-6.
44. Jones, Diary with Letters, 426; Dilks, Cadogan Diaries, 125; Andrew Sharf, The British Press and Jews under Nazi Rule (Oxford University Press, London, 1964), 67-8; Gannon, British Press, 173; Kennedy, Realities behind Diplomacy, 307; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 137; Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 337; Morris, Roots of Appeasement, 64, 70.
45. Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 282; Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1938; Nicholas Crowson, ed., Fleet Street: Press Barons and Politics; the Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932-40, vol. 11 (Royal Historical Society, Camden Fifth Series, London, 1998), 229; Kennedy, Realities behind Diplomacy, 307; Gannon, British Press, 228; Griffiths, Fellow Travellers, 339-40; Crowson, Facing Fascism, 34, 46.
46. Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 142; Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1940), vii, 209-10; Morris, Roots of Appeasement, 159; Wootton, British Legion, 253; Gannon, British Press, 236-7; Rhodes James, Chips, 177-8, 185-6; Thompson, Anti-Appeasers, 201; Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 294; Griffiths, Fellow Travellers, 247, 350.
47. Gannon, British Press, 237; Jones, Diary with Letters, 114, 175; Self, Austen Chamberlain, 511; Morris, Roots of Appeasement, 82; Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 284, 309; Bartlett, I Know What I Liked, 31.
48. Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 88, 132-3; Wark, Ultimate Enemy, 118; John Harvey, ed., The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1937-40 (Collins, London, 1970), 218; Dilks, Cadogan Diaries, 92, 143; Gannon, British Press, 101, 140; Crowson, Fleet Street, 128, 216; Arnold White, Walks and Talks Abroad (Oxford University Press, London, 1936), passim; Crowson, Facing Fascism, 171.
49. Gilbert, Rumbold, 369, 373-4; Young, Bruce Lockhart Diaries, 381; Bullock, Bevin I, 623; Nicolson, Nicolson Diaries and Letters, 265, 273; Pottle, Champion Redoubtable, 183; Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 149; Gannon, British Press, 67; Sharf, British Press, 16, 140-1.
50. Crowson, Facing Fascism, 26; Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, 40, 56, 65, 72, 102-4, 107, 143, 151; Jones, Diary with Letters, 110; Lord Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds: The Official Life of Professor F. A. Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell (Collins, London, 1961), 159-60.
51. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, 85, 87, 89.
52. Robert Bruce Lockhart, Comes the Reckoning (Putnam, London, 1947),
19-20; Skidelsky, Keynes III, 51.