Chapter Five
'Don't Let's be Beastly to the Germans': war and post-war the second time around
1. Noel Coward, Autobiography (Methuen, London, 1986), 435, 440, 492;
Cole Lesley, The Life of Noel Coward (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1978),
252; Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley, eds, The Noel Coward Diaries (Macmillan,
London, 1982), 29; Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939-1945
(Longman, London, 1972), 279-80; Anthony Aldgate and Jeffrey Richards, Britain
Can Take It: The British Cinema and the Second World War (Blackwell, Oxford,
1986), 193.
2. Coward, Autobiography, 378-9; Lesley, Noel Coward, 47; Sheridan Morley, A Talent to Amuse: A Biography of Noel Coward (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1974), 247; Robert Greacen, Art of Noel Coward (Hand and Flower Press, Aldington, 1953), 15-16; Milton Levin, Noel Coward (Twayne, New York, 1968), 133; Payn and Morley, Coward Diaries, 7.
3. Coward, Autobiography, 325, 327-8, 332, 338, 359; Ben Pimlott, ed., The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940-56 (Cape, London, 1986), 177-9; Morley, Talent to Amuse, 252, 261-2; Payn and Morley, Coward Diaries, 10, 18; David Cannadine, 'Sentiment: Noel Coward's Patriotic Ardour', in idem, In Churchill's Shadow (Penguin, London, 2003), 244; George Orwell, 'Wartime Diary, 1941', in idem, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. II: My Country Right or Left, 1940-1943 (Penguin edn, Harmondsworth, 1968), 438; Robert Cole, Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45 (Macmillan, London, 1990), 10.
4. Greacen, Art of Coward, 44-5; Morley, Talent to Amuse, 306,
313-14; Coward, Autobiography, 323-4, 355-6, 416, 420, 422, 427-31, 442-5;
Lesley, Noel Coward, 243-4, 250, 253, 281, 283; Aldgate and Richards,
189, 191; Payn and Morley, Coward Diaries, 20, 43; John Craven Hughes,
The Greasepaint War: Show Business 1939-45 (New English Library, London,
1976), 148-9; Noel Coward, Middle East Diary (Heinemann, London, 1944),
4, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 35, 45-6, 105-6; Cannadine, 'Noel Coward's Patriotic
Ardour', 149.
5. Morley, Talent to Amuse, 289; Greacen, Art of Coward, 55; Levin, Noel Coward, 35-6; The Lyrics of Noel Coward (Omnibus Press, London, 1978), 271-2; Payn and Morley, Coward Diaries, 21-3; Coward, Middle East Diary, 91.
6. Michael Balfour, Propaganda in War, 1939-1945 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979), 54, 75; Ian Maclaine, Ministry of Morale: Home Front Morale and the Ministry of Information in World War II (Allen & Unwin, London, 1979), 100.
7. Gordon Craig, 'Churchill and Germany', in Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Louis, eds, Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His Life in War and Peace (Norton, New York, 1993), 37; Asa Briggs, The War of Words: History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. III (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970), 294-5; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (Henry Holt, New York, 1991), 656; John Ramsden, Longman History of the Conservative Party, vol. IV: The Age of Churchill and Eden, 1940-57 (Longman, London, 1995), 20-3, 38-49, 79-81, 139-43, 159-60; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 90-1, 214; Nigel Nicolson, ed., Harold Nicolson's Diary and Letters, vol. II: The War Years, 1939-1945 (Collins, London, 1967), 132-4.
8. Briggs, War of Words, 388; Robert Bruce Lockhart, Comes the Reckoning (Putnam, London, 1947), 202; Gilbert, Churchill, 800, 815; Craig, 'Churchill and Germany', 37, 90; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 214.
9. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965), 41, 45-6; Aldgate and Richards, Britain Can Take It, 46; Paul Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005), 205; Craig, 'Churchill and Germany', 37; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 168; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain, 1940-2000 (Macmillan, London, 2002), 103, 105; Angus Calder, The People's War: Britain 1939-45 (Cape, London, 1969), 491; Gilbert, Churchill, 836; Richmal Crompton, William at War (Macmillan, London, 1995), 51, 65, 212; Orwell, Collected Essays II, 207, 247, 410; George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. III: As I Please, 1943-1945 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970), 97, 141, 436.
10. Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 119, 297; Norman Rose, Vansittart:
Study of a Diplomat (Heinemann, London, 1978), 244-5; Robert Vansittart,
Black Record: Germans Past and Present (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1941),
iii; The Times, 1 March 1941; Victor Gollancz, Shall Our Children
Live or Die? (Gollancz, London, 1942), 5.
11. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession: An Autobiography (Hutchinson, London, 1958), 28-9; Rose, Vansittart, 14, 37-9, 45, 210-11, 231.
12. Vansittart, Black Record, iv-vi, viii, 18-19, 21, 45, 50.
13. Vansitttart, Black Record, 1-2, 4, 7, 12, 16, 23, 26, 32, 49.
14. Vansittart, Black Record, iv, 8, 15, 17, 29, 34-6, 44, 53; Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office (Gollancz, London, 1965), 28-9, 35, 108, 249, 345-6; Duff Hart-Davis, Hitler's Games: The 1936 Olympics (Century, London, 1986), 211-12; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945 (Cassell, London, 1971), 151, 163.
15. Calder, People's War, 490; Andrew Scharf, The British Press and Jews under Nazi Rule (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1964), 133; Holger Klein, ed., The Second World War in Fiction (Macmillan, London, 1984), 6; Anthony Livsey, ed., Are We at War? Letters to The Times, 1939-1945 (Times Books, London, 1989), 173-6; Anthony Howard, Crossman: The Pursuit of Power (Cape, London, 1990), 90-1; Henryk Sienkiewicz, The Teutonic Knights (Nelson edn, London, 1943), 3-4, 6, 11, 16; G. Borsky, The Greatest Swindle in the World (New Europe Publishing, London, 1942), 4-5, 9-10, 20, 23; W. W. Coole and M. F. Potter, eds, Thus Spoke Germany (Routledge, London, 1941), xi-x, xiv, xvii.
16. The Times, 24 February 1941; H. N. Brailsford, Our Settlement with Germany (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1944), 29, 38, 46-7; H. N. Brailsford, The German Problem (Common Wealth, London, 1944), 1-2.
17. Douglas Brown, Commonsense versus Vansittartism (Independent Labour Party, London, 1943), 4, 13, 15-16, 19-21.
18. Gollancz, Shall Our Children, 3, 6-7, 11-12, 23-4, 30, 38-9, 59, 65, 73, 91, 113, 120.
19. A. H. Haffenden, 7 Hoojahs of Wishdom (C. W. Daniel, Ashington, 1942), 8, 12, 16, 34; Ronald C. D. Jasper, George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967), 260-1; Sienkiewicz, Teutonic Knights, 13; Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget: The Autobiography of Duff Cooper (Hart-Davis, London, 1953), 276-7.
20. Jasper, Bell, 261, 268-75, 280-1; Sir David Kelly, The Ruling Few (Hollis & Carter, London, 1952), 266; Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935-51 (Historians' Press, London, 1999), 414.
21. Jasper, Bell, 276, 277-9, 283, 285-5, 288; Kenneth Slack, George Bell (SCM Press, London, 1971), 84, 115-17.
22. Brown, Commonsence versus Vansittartism, 5-7; Gollancz, Shall Our Children, 5; T. D. Burridge, British Labour and Hitler's War (Deutsch, London, 1976), 60-2, 106-7; Kevin Jeffery, Labour and the Wartime Coalition, from the Diary of James Chuter Ede (Historians' Press, London, 1987), 138, 207; Stephen Brooke, Labour's War: The Labour Party during the Second World War (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), 308.
23. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (Cape, London, 1995), 385, 387, 389-90; Hugh Dalton, Hitler's War (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1940), 9, 19, 24; Pimlott, Dalton War Diary, 814-15; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 313.
24. Burridge, British Labour, 26, 58, 126-9, 131, 134; Kenneth Harris, Attlee (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982), 210-12; Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers (Heinemann, London, 1961), 39, 53; The Times, 19 December 1942.
25. J. G. Lockhart, Cosmo Gordon Lang (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1949), 436-7; Edward Carpenter, Archbishop Fisher: His Life and Times (Canterbury Press, Norwich, 1991), 152-3; Jasper, Bell, 263, 276; Weight, Patriots, 106-7; Charles Smyth, Cyril Forster Garbett, Archbishop of York (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1959), 276, 291, 437; The Times, 10 December 1942.
26. F. E. Iremonger, William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1948), 544-6, 564; Alan Wilkinson, Dissent or Conformity: War, Peace and the English Churches, 1900-1945 (SCM Press, London, 1986), 238, 244, 258-9.
27. Calder, People's War, 490; Pimlott, Dalton War Diary, 149, 152-3; Rose, Vansittart, 257-8; Asa Briggs, War of Words, 469; Brailsford, Settlement with Germany, 19; George Cockerell, What Fools We Were (Hutchinson, London, 1944), 166-8; Orwell, Collected Essays III, 436-7; Adrian Weale, Renegades: Hitler's Englishmen (Pimlico, London, 2002), 2, 117, 126, 149, 156, 159, 175, 177, 190-2.
28. Rose, Vansittart, 206, 230, 255-6, 260-2, 264; The Times, 19 February, 11 March and 30 July 1942, 27 March 1943, 15 September 1944, 18 January, 29 March and 5 April 1945.
29. Peter Gillman and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot: How Britain Interned and Expelled Its Wartime Refugees (Quartet, London, 1980), 28, 45, 77-9, 102, 111, 115, 141, 150, 159, 225, 258, 269, 290; Neil Stammers, Civil Liberties in Britain during the 2nd World War (Croom Helm, London, 1983), 24, 34-6, 38, 44-6, 49-51, 55-7; Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigrés (Chatto & Windus, London, 2002), 138-9, 172.
30. Briggs, War of Words, 13, 148, 166, 249, 348; Bruce Lockhart, Come the Reckoning, 138, 157-9, 229-30, 315; Howard, Crossman, 89; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 292; James Chapman, The British at War: Cinema, State and Propaganda, 1939-1945 (Tauris, London, 2000), 73, 194, 221-3; Aldgate and Richards, Britain Can Take It, 33-4, 36, 41, 59-50, 138.
31. Balfour, Propaganda in War, 315-17, 354, 412; Dilks, Cadogan Diaries, 316, 506; John Mander, Berlin: The Eagle and the Bear (Barrie & Rockcliff, London, 1959), 140; Briggs, War of Words, 626; Angus Calder and Dorothy Sheridan, Speak for Yourself: A Mass-Observation Anthology (Cape, London, 1984), 123; Maclaine, Ministry of Morale, 169.
32. Nicolson, Harold Nicolson Diary II, 321, 429; Briggs, War of Words, 395; Naomi Mitchinson, Among You Taking Notes: The Wartime Diary of Naomi Mitchinson, 1939-1945 (Phoenix, London, 2000), 136.
33. Times Literary Supplement, 25 January, 15 and 19 November 1941.
34. Aldgate and Richards, Britain Can Take It, 115, 133-5; Chapman, British at War, 227-8; Maclaine, Ministry of Morale, 139, 143; Hughes, Greasepaint War, 99; Briggs, War of Words, 338-40; Robert Hewison, Under Fire: Literary Life in Wartime London, 1939-45 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1978), 28, 155-6; Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 93; Calder, People's War, 489.
35. Weight, Patriots, 103; Tom Harrisson, Living through the Blitz (Collins, London, 1976), 218, 250; Peter Donnelly, ed., Mrs Milburn's Diaries (Futura, London, 1979), 77, 182, 286; Ball, Parliament and Politics, 423.
36. Balfour, Propaganda in War, 77; W. J. West, ed., Orwell: The War Commentaries (Duckworth/BBC, London, 1985), 126, 130; Orwell, Collected Essays II, 492; Pimlott, Dalton War Diary, xxi; Harrisson, Living through the Blitz, 316-17; Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 282; Calder, People's War, 491.
37. Ernst Gombrich, Myth and Reality in German Wartime Broadcasts (Creighton Lecture, University of London, 1969), 23; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (Macmillan, London, 1959), 147; Dilks, Cadogan Diaries, 681; Weight, Patriots, 104, 107; Spectator, 4 May 1945; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 302; Robert Pearce, Patrick Gordon Walker: Political Diaries (Historians' Press, London, 1991), 158-61; Mitchinson, Among You Taking Notes, 112, 288, 293, 319.
38. Crompton, William at War, 220-8, 234; Chapman, British at War, 152.
39. Maclaine, Ministry of Morale, 170; Coward, Middle East Diary, 28, 84-6, 117-18; Noel Coward on the Air: Rare and Unknown Broadcasts, 1944-48 (CD no. 7840, Pavilion Records, 1999); Weight, Patriots, 104.