Chapter Six
'Putting poor Germany on its feet again': re-educating the Germans and the British
after 1945
1. Churchill speaking in January 1945, quoted by Michael Balfour, 'In Retrospect:
Britain's Policy of "Re-education"', in Nicholas Pronay and Keith
Wilson, eds, The Political Re-education of Germany and Her Allies after World
War II (Croom Helm, London, 1985), 140.
2. Robert Rhodes James, Winston Churchill: His Complete Speeches, vol. VII (Chelsea House, New York, 1974), 7145, 7212, 7236, 7251; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (Henry Holt, New York, 1991), 850; Patricia Meehan, A Strange Enemy People: Germans under the British, 1945-50 (Peter Owen, London, 2001), 72; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939-1955 (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985), 363; Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich (Allen & Unwin, London, 1985), 89, 144.
3. Colville, Fringes of Power, 513, 528, 554; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 151; Ben Pimlott, ed., The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940-45 (Cape, London, 1986), xxxxii; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 17-18, 42; Lord Strang, Home and Abroad (André Deutsch, London, 1956), 220; Robert Bruce Lockhart, Comes the Reckoning (Putnam, London, 1947), 352; Lord Montgomery of Alamein, Memoirs (Companion Book Club edn, London, 1958), 362.
4. Eva Mayring, 'British Policy in Occupied Germany', in Brian Brivati and Harriet Jones, eds, From Reconstruction to Integration (Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1993), 88-9; Pronay and Wilson, Political Re-education of Germany, 14-15, 19, 23, 59, 68-9, 71; Matthew Barry Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace: German Prisoners and the People of Britain, 1944-1948 (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1979), 74.
5. Arthur L.Smith Jr, The War for the German Mind: Re-educating Hitler's Soldiers (Berghahn, Oxford, 1996), 3-4, 17, 21-2, 25-6; Bob Moore, 'Axis Prisoners in Britain during the Second World War: A Comparative Survey', in Bob Moore and Kent Fedorovitch, eds, Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II (Berg, Oxford, 1996), 19, 22-4, 28-9, 34-7; Henry Faulk, Group Captives: The Re-education of German Prisoners of War (Chatto & Windus, London, 1977), 17.
6. Nevile Henderson, Water under the Bridges (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1945), 213, 220-1; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Cicle (Macmillan, London, 1959), 186-7; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945 (Cassell, London, 1971), 420, 620, 716.
7. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. III: Fighting for Britain,
1937-1946 (Macmillan, London, 2000), 393; Pimlott, Dalton War Diary,
147; George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. III: As
I Please, 1943-45 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970), 83, 449; Meehan, Strange
Enemy People, 38; Colville, Fringes of Power, 524.
8. Pimlott, Dalton War Diary, 473-4, 544, 770; Dilks, Cadogan Diaries,
660, 666; Colville, Fringes of Power, 559; Michael Balfour, Propaganda
in War, 1939-1945 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979), 314; Meehan,
Strange Enemy People, 31; Skidelsky, Keynes III, 242, 362-3, 387;
Ruth Dudley Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist, 1843-1993
(Economist, London, 1993), 763-4.
9. Tom Bower, A Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America and the Purging of Nazi Germany (Paladin, London, 1983), v, 46, 58, 127, 129-30; Lord Elwyn-Jones, In My Time: An Autobiography (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1983), 101; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 314; Airey Neave, Nuremberg (Grafton edn, London, 1989), 24-6; Colville, Fringes of Power, 600; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 205; Hartley Shawcross, Life Sentence (Constable, London, 1995), 86.
10. Nigel Nicolson, ed, Harold Nicolson Diaries and Letters, vol. III (Collins, London, 1968), 57-8; Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 376; Lord Kilmuir, Political Adventure (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1964), 93, 96, 111, 120, 135; Elwyn-Jones, In My Time, 110, 112, 114, 121, 125-6, 128-9; Shawcross, Life Sentence, 110; R. W. Cooper, The Nuremberg Trial (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1947), 47, 224, 241; Neave, Nuremberg, 357-9.
11. Shawcross, Life Sentence, 102, 107; H. Mongomery Hyde, Norman Birkett (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1964), 81, 471, 483, 496, 503-4, 508, 510, 514-15, 526; Cooper, Nuremberg Trials, 19, 23-6, 286; Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 302; Neave, Nuremberg, 64, 339-41; Mark Pottle, ed., Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Lady Violet Bonham Carter, 1946-69 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000), 19.
12. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 198; Raymond Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy in Germany: The British Contribution (Stevens, London, 1960), 9; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 86-7, 104-5; Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 228, 394, 430-1, 444; Lord Beveridge, An Urgent Message from Germany (Pilot Press, London, 1946), 20, 22; Elwyn-Jones, In My Time, 130; D. C. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany (Wolff, London, 1965), 93, 96.
13. Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 209, 265, 277-9, 284-7, 289-91, 294-5, 301, 376; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 348, 361-3; Shawcross, Life Sentence, 129, 131, 133; Ronald Jasper, George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967), 308-9; Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 17-18; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 224; William Buchanan and Hadley Cantril, How Nations See Each Other (Greenwood edn, Westport, CT, 1972), 18; Pronay and Wilson, Political Re-education of Germany, 30.
14. Neave, Nuremberg, 6-11; Stephen Spender, European Witness (Right Book Club, London, 1946), 62; Robert Birley, The German Problem and the Responsibilities of Britain (Burge Memorial Lecture, SCM Press, London, 1947), 6-7; Alan Moorhead, Eclipse (Granta edn, London, 2000), 247, 252-3, 259-61, 286; Dagmar Barnouw, Germany 1945 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1996), 68.
15. Moorhead, Eclipse, 247-9; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 31-2, 34, 97, 145; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 33, 105.
16. Nicholas Pronay, 'Defeated Germany in British Newsreels', in K. R. M. Short and Stephen Dolezel, eds, Hitler's Fall: The Newsreel Witness (Croom Helm, London, 1988), 42-3.
17. Barnouw, Germany 1945, 12; Pronay, 'Defeated Germany', 44; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 33, 118-19; Faulk, Group Captives, 66-7, 121-2.
18. Frank Tipton, 'The Regional Dimension', in Sheilagh Ogilvie and Richard Overy, eds, Germany: A New Social and Economic History, vol. III: Since 1800 (Arnold, London, 2003), 16; Christina Benninghaus et al., 'Social Structure in the Twentieth Century', in ibid., 295-6; Norman Rose, Vansittart (Heinemann, London, 1978), 272-3; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 110, 138, 357, 364; Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 35, 125.
19. Barnouw, Germany 1945, 103-5; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 37; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 141-3; Jasper, George Bell, 293, 296; James Bacque, Crimes and Mercies (Warner, London, 1999), xxix; Pottle, Daring to Hope, 21.
20. Elwyn-Jones, In My Time, 105; Shawcross, Life Sentence, 105; Jasper, George Bell, 295; Nigel Nicolson, ed., Harold Nicolson Diaries and Letters, vol. II: The War Years, 1939-1945 (Atheneum, New York, 1967), 461; Barnouw, Germany 1945, 115-16; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 95; Spender, European Witness, 22; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 191-2; Neave, Nuremberg, 6.
21. Martin Parsons, ed., Friendly Foe: The Letters of Leo Schnitter, a German POW in England (DSM, Peterborough, 2000), 22, 29, 120.
22. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 85; Sabine Lee, Victory in Europe: Britain and Germany since 1945 (Longman, Harlow, 2001), 16-17; Strang, Home and Abroad, 221; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 20-1, 23, 268; Smith, War for the German Mind, 2.
23. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters III, 106, 111; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 17, 166, 171, 177, 379; Faulk, Group Captives, 32, 36, 41-3; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 25, 28, 70-1, 80.
24. Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 184-5, 379, 381; Faulk, Group Captives, 35.
25. Pronay and Wilson, Political Re-education of Germany, 6-7; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 97; Faulk, Group Captives, 26-8, 58-60, 188-9, 195-6; Balfour, Propaganda in War, 415; Wolfgang Schmidt, The Education and Re-education of POW 31F-23742357 (privately published, USA, 2001), 13 and passim.
26. Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 240, 244-52; Smith, War for the German Mind, 50, 70, 73-4, 124, 127, 130-1, 138-4, 170-1, 201; Faulk, Group Captives, 58; Dexter M. Keezer, A Unique Contribution to International Relations: The Story of Wilton Park (McGraw Hill, London, 1973), 8-11, 13, 15, 17-19; Terence Prittie, My Germans, 1933-1983 (Wolff, London, 1983), 169, 177-9.
27. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 171; Strang, Home and Abroad, 230, 237-8; Lee, Victory in Europe, 17; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 217, 236; Spiegel, 31 May 1947; Balfour, 'In Retrospect', 144; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 14, 52-3, 56, 58-60, 65-6; Victor Gollancz, In Darkest Germany (Gollancz, London, 1946), 102, 119.
28. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 148, 158, 163-5; Arthur Hearnden, Red Robert: A Life of Robert Birley (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1984), 119, 124; Jasper, George Bell, 302; Gollancz, In Darkest Germany, 95, 97-9, 103, 105; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 47, 60, 150; Terence Prittie, Adenauer (Tom Stacey, London, 1976), 110; Terence Prittie et al., Konrad Adenauer (Aktuell, Bonn, 1983), 27; Thomas Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts: Junctions in German-British Relations (Foreign Office, London, 1997), 202.
29. Gollancz, In Darkest Germany, 94, 96; Strang, Home and Abroad,
234-5; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 42-3, 48, 107.
30. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 159, 173; Gollancz, In Darkest Germany,
108, 123; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 120, 124-5, 141-5: Spender, European
Witness, 169; William Deedes, Dear Bill: W. F. Deedes Reports (Macmillan,
London, 1997), 87.
31. Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 15, 116, 118, 131; Gollancz, In Darkest Germany, 107.
32. Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 2; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 89; Montgomery, Memoirs, 339-41; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 41-2, 114-16, 156; Prittie, My Germans, 147-55; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 6, 36, 189, 191-2, 194; Edward Carpenter, Archbishop Fisher: His Life and Times (Canterbury Press, Norwich, 1991), 159-62; William Deedes, 'When Peace Broke Out', Spectator, 27 April 1995.
33. Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 115; Strang, Home and Abroad, 232; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 101, 103, 109; Pronay, 'Defeated Germany', 32; Gollancz, In Darkest Germany; 16-19, 24, 28, 33, 38, 42, 48, 59-60; Beveridge, Urgent Message, 1-2; Barnouw, Germany 1945, 11, 150-2; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 83, 119; Tagesspiegel, 26 November 1946.
34. Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 172; Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 186; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 182-4; Carpenter, Archbishop Fisher, 163; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 195, 245-6, 255.
35. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 120; Spender, European Witness, 172, 229; Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 197; Hearnden, Red Robert, 127-9; Michael Tracey, A Variety of Lives: A Biography of Hugh Carleton Greene (Bodley Head, London, 1983), 95-103; Prittie, My Germans, 101, 111; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 136, 148, 156-8; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 166.
36. Trevor Royle, The Best Years of Their Lives: National Service (André
Deutsch, London, 2002), 146-50; George Forty, Called Up: A National Service
Scrapbook (Ian Allan, London, 1980), 90, 103, 105; Peter Chambers and Amy
Landreth, Called Up: The Personal Experiences of Sixteen National Servicemen
(Allan Wingate, London, 1955), 31, 173, 175-6; B. S. Johnson, ed., All Bull:
The National Servicemen (Quartet, London, 173), 116, 168, 172-3, 260; Hearnden,
Red Robert, 126.
37. Faulk, Group Captives, 32, 40, 87; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace,
161, 187, 345.
38. Faulk, Group Captives, 107; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 65, 310; Smith, War for the German Mind, 31, 51.
39. Alan Wilkinson, Dissent or Conform? War, Peace and the English Churches, 1900-1945 (SCM Press, London, 1986), 309-10; Carpenter, Archbishop Fisher, 158-9, 162, 166-7; Jasper, George Bell, 289, 292, 294; Faulk, Group Captives, 162; Parsons, Friendly Foe, 139-45.
40. Len Addicott, Beloved Enemies: The Story of Post-war Reconciliation in a Small English Mining Town (privately published, Cambridge, 1990), 1-16; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 204.
41. Faulk, Group Captives, 49; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 328-9, 383-4.
42. Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigrés (Chatto & Windus, London, 2002), 208, 211, 215, 217, 219, 227, 240, 249, 269-70, 275; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 111.