Chapter Seven
'I tries 'ard, Brian, but I 'ates 'em': normalising relations in the 1950s and
1960s
1. The Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, made this comment about Germans to the
British Military Governor in Germany, General Sir Brian Robertson, in 1947;
quoted in Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary (Heinemann, London,
1983), 90.
2. D. C. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany: British Opinion and Policy towards Germany since 1945 (Wolff, London, 1965), 13, 152, 154; Tagesspiegel, 18 May 1965.
3. Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (Macmillan, London, 1959), 215; Sabine Lee, Victory in Europe: Britain and Germany since 1945 (Longman, Harlow, 2001), 21-2, 39; Raymond Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy in Germany: The British Contribution (Stevens, London, 1960), viii-ix, 138, 189; Bullock, Bevin, 265-6; Patricia Meehan, A Strange Enemy People: Germans under the British, 1945-50 (Peter Owen, London, 2001), 51.
4. Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 26, 34, 37-9, 52, 55, 61, 65, 75, 140, 146, 151-2, 176-81, 193-4, 209-10; Lee, Victory in Europe, 30-1, 40; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 176, 178, 180, 259-60, 266; Eva Mayring, 'British Policy in Occupied Germany', in Brian Brivati and Harriet Jones, eds, From Reconstruction to Integration (Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1993), 92-3, 95; Michael Tracey, A Variety of Lives: A Biography of Hugh Carleton Greene (Bodley Head, London, 1983), 100-5; Barbara Marshall, 'Democratisation', in Ian D. Turner, ed., Reconstruction in Post-war Germany (Berg, Oxford, 1989), 214.
5. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 75; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 159, 164, 168, 170; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 215; Lee, Victory in Europe, 31; Arthur Hearnden, Red Robert: A Life of Robert Birley (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1984), 120, 133; Robert Birley, The German Problem and the Responsibility of Britain (SCM Press, London, 1947), 15-16; Kurt Hurgense, 'The Concept and Practice of British Re-education Policy in Germany', in Nicholas Pronay and Keith Wilson, eds, The Political Re-education of Germany and Her Allies after World War II (Croom Helm, London, 1985), 90, 92-3; Arthur Hearnden, ed., The British in Germany: Educational Reconstruction after 1945 (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978), 75, 94, 101, 105, 116-17, 214, 220, 297, 303, 309.
6. Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 172-3; Hearnden, Red Robert, 137-8; Birley, German Problem, 23-5.
7. Hearnden, British in Germany, 229; Thomas Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts: Junctions in German-British Relations (FCO, London, 1997), 184.
8. The Times, 8 May 1945; Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 6; Henry Faulk, Group Captives: The Re-Education of German Prisoners of War (Chatto & Windus, London, 1977), 52, 113; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 229; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 118; Barry Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace: German Prisoners and the People of Britain, 1944-1948 (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1979), 206, 282, 300, 337.
9. William Buchanan and Hadley Cantrol, How Nations View Each Other: A Study in Public Opinion (Greenwood edn, Westport, CT, 1972), 30, 32, 46, 62, 139-40, 159.
10. Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 174-5; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 155; Daily Express, 1 May 1957; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 155, 175; George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. IV: In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968), 352; Dexter Keever, A Unique Contribution to International Relations: The Story of Wilton Park (McGraw Hill, London, 1973), xiv, 21-2, 24-32, 40-1, 43; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 235; Nigel Nicolson, ed., Harold Nicolson Diary and Letters, vol. III: 1945-60 (Collins, London, 1968), 56; Hearnden, British in Germany, 88-9.
11. Nicolson, Diary and Letters III, 229-30, 264-5; Hearnden, British in Germany, 309; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 271-2; Hearnden, Red Robert, 127, 194-5, 233; Lee, Victory in Europe, 18-19; Mark Pottle, ed., Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Lady Violet Bonham Carter, 1946-69 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000), 111-12, 175, 301; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 151; Philip M. Williams, ed., The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell, 1945-1956 (Cape, London, 1983), 488, 611-12; Philip M. Williams, Gaitskell (Cape, London, 1979), 517.
12. James L. Henderson, The G. E. R. Vale Lecture: A Contribution to Anglo-German Understanding, 1942-1958 (Vale, London, 1958), 3, 5, 8, 18; Hearnden, British in Germany, 253-67.
13. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939-1955 (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985), 647; Ebsworth, Restoring Democracy, 214; The Times, 31 May 1954.
14. Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 357; Botting, Ruins of the Reich, 157; Ronald Jasper, George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967), 310, 314; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 116-17; Ben Pimlott, ed., The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918-40, 1945-60 (Cape, London, 1986), 591; Roderick Barclay, Ernest Bevin and the Foreign Office (privately published, London, 1975), 59, 74, 89; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 205; Rheinische Post, 30 March 1950; Bullock, Bevin, 90.
15. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1986), 58, 135; John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945 (HarperCollins, London, 1993), 301-7; Anthony Montague Brown, Long Sunset: The Memoirs of Winston Churchill's Last Private Secretary (Cassell, London, 1995), 205-6; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 114; Sabine Lee, 'Pragmatism versus Principle: Macmillan and Germany', in Richard Aldous, ed., Macmillan: Aspects of a Life (Macmillan, London, 1999), 113-14; James Ellison, Threatening Europe: Britain and the Creation of the European Community, 1955-58 (Macmillan, London, 2000), 41, 87, 124-5; Alistair Horne, Macmillan, 1894-1956 (Macmillan, London, 1988), 48.
16. D. J. Enright, Memoirs of a Mendicant Professor (Carcanet, Manchester, 1969), 51-2, 58, 61, 69; D. J. Enright, Injury Time: A Memoir (Pimlico, London, 2003), vi, ix, 30, 37-8, 53, 72, 106, 117; William Walsh, D. J. Enright, Poet of Humanism (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1974), 45-6; The Times, 5 March 2001.
17. D. J. Enright, Collected Poems (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981), 38-9, 46-7, 120, 127-8; Enright, Mendicant Professor, 61.
18. Lars Ole Sauerberg, Secret Agents in Fiction (Macmillan, London,
1984), 132, 172, 174.
19. Peter Lewis, John Le Carré (Unger, New York, 1985), 1, 6,
8, 18, 20, 65, 96-7; Lynn Dienne Beene, John Le Carré (Twayne,
New York, 1992), 3, 8, 30, 47-8, 66, 68, 72; David Monaghan, The Novels of
John Le Carré (Blackwell, Oxford, 1985), 2-4, 14, 131; Terence Prittie,
My Germans, 1933-1983 (Wolff, London, 1983), 186.
20. John Le Carré, Collected Novels (Book Club Associates edn, London, 1980), 16, 19, 24, 42, 66, 85, 87, 95, 105, 118, 119, 150, 157.
21. Edward Milward Oliver, The Len Deighton Companion (Grafton, London, 1987), 57-61, 138; Len Deighton, The Ipcress File (HarperCollins, London, 2005 edn), 72, 145, 216, 294, 333; Len Deighton, Funeral in Berlin (HarperCollins, London, 2001 edn), i, 4, 19, 25, 40-1, 48, 53, 119, 138, 164, 182, 218, 261, 286, 297.
22. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 117-18; Alec Robertson, Dvorak (Dent, London, 1945), 2, 17, 35; Angus Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Attitudes (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1956), 100-11, 319-20; Times Literary Supplement, 8 January and 23 April 1954, 28 April 1961; Hearnden, British in Germany, 159.
23. Kathleen Burk, Troublemaker: The Life and History of A. J. P. Taylor (Yale University Press, London, 2000), 204, 248, 250-1, 254, 283; Robert Cole, A. J. P. Taylor: The Traitor within the Gates (Macmillan, London, 1993), 38-9, 75-6, 79; Adam Sisman, A. J. P. Taylor (Sinclair Stevenson, London, 1994), 117-19, 150-5, 185, 261, 270, 363; Gordon Martel, ed., 'The Origins of the Second World War' Reconsidered (Routledge, London, 1996 edn), 2, 5-6, 9-11, 94, 98; Chris Wrigley, ed., A. J. P. Taylor: An Annotated Bibliography (Harvester Press, Hassocks John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939-1955 (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985), 1980).
24. Burk, Troublemaker, 291-2; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 148, 156-7; Wrigley, Taylor Bibliography, 211-15, 227.
25. Barclay, Ernest Bevin, 33, 35; Lee, Victory in Europe, 14, 23; Jasper, George Bell, 310; Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan, vol. II: 1945-60 (Davis-Poynter, London, 1973), 229-30; Bullock, Bevin, 267; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 43, 152; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 38, 64, 89.
26. Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 220-1, 228; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 65, 99; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 191, 199, 205, 209, 219, 221, 223, 225, 230, 232; Lee, Victory in Europe, 32, 37; Colville, Fringes of Power, 563; Foot, Bevan, 232-3; Horne, Macmillan, 1894-1956, 316-17; Karinn Herrmann et al., eds, Coping with the Relations: Anglo-German Cartoons from the Fifties to the Nineties (Goethe Institute, London, 1994), 181.
27. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 110-11, 149-50; Colville, Fringes of Power, 686; Pimlott, Dalton Diaries, 501; Williams, Gaitskell Diary, 585; Foot, Bevan, 556; Alistair Horne, Macmillan, 1957-1986 (Macmillan, London, 1988), 120, 133; Lee, Victory in Europe, 60, 87-9, 117.
28. Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 104, 111-12, 120; Foot, Bevan,
403, 405, 435; Pimlott, Dalton Diaries, 553, 590-2, 637; Nicolson, Diaries
and Letters III, 275-6; Brian Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell (Richard Cohen,
London, 1996), 171; Kirkpatrick, Inner Circle, 240-2; Daily Express,
4 December 1951; Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, 389; Ebsworth, Restoring
Democracy, 206-7; Tom Bower, A Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America
and the Purging of Nazi Germany (Paladin edn, London, 1981), 421.
29. Lloyd Free, Six Allies and a Neutral (Free Press, Glencoe, IL, 1959),
132-3; Lee, Victory in Europe, 114-15; Daily Express, 23 and 26
November, 7 December 1960, 1 August and 4-9 September 1961; The Times,
Daily Herald, Daily Telegraph, September 1961; Watt, Britain
Looks to Europe, 152.
30. Watt, Britain Looks to Europe, 130-1; Lee, Victory in Europe, 11, 48, 51, 71, 82-3; Terence Prittie, Adenauer (Tom Stacey, London, 1972), xiv; Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe, Abusing the Europeans: Britain and European Integration, 1945-63 (Macmillan, London, 1996), 61-2, 126, 152-3, 222; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 266-7; Free, Six Allies, 139-40; Lee, 'Pragmatism versus Principle', 114, 116-20, 126.
31. Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 8; Lee, 'Pragmatism versus Principle', 126; Watt, Britain Looks to Europe, 135, 138-40; 143-4; Horne, Macmillan, 1957-1986, 33; Pottle, Daring to Hope, 233, 266-7; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain, 1940-2000 (Macmillan, London, 2001), 339-40; Lee, Victory in Europe, 93, 113.
32. Lee, Victory in Europe, 113, Uwe Kitzinger, The Second Try (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1968), 15; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government, 1964-70 (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1974), 770-1; Die Welt, 16 January 1964; Uwe Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion: How Britain Joined the Common Market (Thames & Hudson, London, 1973), 36, 52-7; John Campbell, Edward Heath (Cape, London, 1993), 357; Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1998), 605-6; David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, The 1975 Referendum (Macmillan, London, 1976), 29, 31, 37; Harold Wilson, Final Term: The Labour Government, 1974-76 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979), 93; James Callaghan, Time and Chance (Collins, London, 1987), 311-12.
33. Horne, Macmillan, 1957-1986, 135; Die Zeit, 13 December 1951; Daily Express, 4-10 December 1951, 9 August 1957; Daily Mail, 4-8 December 1951; The Times, 4-10 December 1951, 9 August 1957.
34. The Times, 20 October 1957; Daily Telegraph, 20-1 October 1957; Herrmann, Coping with the Relations, 85; Tagesspiegel, 23 October 1958.
35. The Times, 20-4 October 1957; Daily Express, 22-4 October 1957; Daily Herald, 21-4 October 1957; Nicolson, Diaries and Letters III, 352-3; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 147, 157; Weight, Patriots, 338.
36. Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 270-1; Weight, Patriots, 456-7; The Times, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Manchester Guardian, Daily Express, 18-29 May 1965; Die Welt, 20 May 1965; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 24 and 28 May 1965; Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 170.
37. Private Eye, 28 May 1965; Herrmann, Coping with the Relations, 108; Watt, Britain Looks to Germany, 7, 114, 127-9, 146, 150, 152-3, 155-7; Daily Express, 2 November 1960; Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 270-1; Callaghan, Time and Chance, 301; Williams, Gaitskell, 686; Brivati, Gaitskell, 343; Weight, Patriots, 457; Prittie, My Germans, 168-84; The Times, 13 October 1999.
38. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters III, 174-5; Pottle, Daring to Hope, 283-4; Herrmann, Coping with the Relations, 178-9.