Chapter Eight
'Hardy comes through': Germans in British war films
1. Roy Ward Baker, The Director's Cut: A Memoir of 60 Years in Film and Television
(Reynolds & Hearst, London, 2000), 95-7; Kenneth More, More or Less
(Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1978), 171; Brian McFarlane, ed., Sixty
Voices: Celebrities Recall the Golden Age of British Cinema (BFI, London,
1992), 20.
2. Baker, Director's Cut, 99; Michael Powell, Million-Dollar Movie (Heinemann, London, 1992), 360
3. Baker, Director's Cut, 98; Hardy Kruger Publicity Material for Hatari and The Defector, Kruger microjacket, BFI Library; interview with Hardy Kruger, Hamburg, 27 February 2004, (I owe a great deal here to the information provided by Mr Kruger.)
4. This aspect of his life was partially revealed in a novel, Junge Unrast (Bertelsmann, Munich, 1983), and decoded as non-fiction only recently in a book not yet published in English (Hardy Kruger, Wanderjahre (Lubbe, Bergisch Gladbach, 1998)). See also his Szenen eines Clowns (Lubbe, Bergisch Gladbach, 2001).
5. Interview on Hardy Kruger's seventy-fifth birthday, Spiegel Online, 17 April 2003.
6. Evening Standard, 15 August 1958.
7. Stephen Guy, 'After Victory: Projections of the Second World War and its Aftermath in British Feature Films' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2002).
8. Roger Manvell, Films and the Second World War (Dent, London, 1974), 239.
9. Manvell, Films and the Second World War, 294-309.
10. Dilys Powell, The Golden Screen: Fifty Years of Films (Pavilion, London, 1989), 160-1.
11. McFarlane, Sixty Voices, 48, 170.
12. Manvell, Films and the Second World War, 232-3; Mary Lou Jennings, ed., Humphrey Jennings: Film-maker, Painter, Poet (BFI, London, 1982), 40.
13. A Defeated People (dir. Jennings, 1946).
14. Bryan Forbes, A Divided Life (Mandarin, London, 1992), 310.
15. Eric Williams, The Wooden Horse (Fontana, London, 1953 edn), 22.
16. Williams, Wooden Horse, 74, 255.
17. Variety, 2 August 1950; Motion Picture Herald, 8 September 1951; Today's Cinema, 26 July 1950.
18. Motion Picture Herald, 23 July 1955; Today's Cinema, 2 October 1953; Variety, 21 October 1953; Film Daily, 29 July 1955; Kinematograph Weekly, 8 October 1953; TV Times, 25 November 1955; Stars, 36/37 (2000), 13-16; Sun, 20 July 1989.
19. P. R. Reid, Colditz (Coronet, London, 1962 edn), 18.
20. The Times, 15 May 1957.
21. Monthly Film Bulletin, March 1955; Kinematograph Weekly, 27 January 1955; Times Weekly Review, 3 February 1955.
22. Diana Valk, Shylock for a Summer: The Story of One Year in the Life of Frederick Valk (Cassell, London, 1958), xix, 4-5, 8, 17-18, 60, 76, 123; Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigrés (Chatto & Windus, London, 2002), 137.
23. Valk, Shylock for a Summer, 12-13, 32.
24. Manchester Guardian, 29 January 1955; Films and Filming, July 1973, 12-17; Reynolds News, 30 January 1955; Evening News, 27 January 1955; New Statesman, 5 February 1955.
25. Powell, Million-Dollar Movie, 321.
26. Powell, Million-Dollar Movie, 322-3.
27. Michael Powell, Graf Spee (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1956), 160.
28. Powell, Graf Spee, 224.
29. Kevin Macdonald, Emeric Pressburger (Faber, London, 1994), 158.
30. Daily Herald, 30 October 1956; Daily Sketch, 30 October 1956; Reynold's News, 4 November 1956; News Chronicle, 30 October 1956; Manchester Guardian, 30 October 1956; Daily Mail, 25 October 1956; Variety, 17 July 1957.
31. Süddeutscher Zeitung, 8 April 1957; Tagesspiegel, 4 November 1956, 28 April 1957; Spiegel, 27 June 1957.
32. Stanley Moss, Ill Met by Moonlight (Harrap, London, 1950).
33. Powell, Million-Dollar Movie, 364.
34. Powell, Million-Dollar Movie, 218.
35. Powell, Million-Dollar Movie, 357.
36. Kinematograph Weekly, 31 January 1957; The Times, 4 February 1957.
37. Daily Worker, 2 February 1957; Daily Telegraph, 2 February 1957.
38. Kendal Burt and James Leasor, The One That Got Away (Fontana edn, London, 1959; first published 1956), 1, 5, 242, 246-8.
39. Anthony Aldgate and Jeffrey Richards, Britain Can Take It: The British Cinema and the Second World War (Blackwell, Oxford, 1986), 39; Motion Picture Herald, 22 March 1959.
40. Motion Picture Herald, 22 March 1958; Today's Cinema, 14 October 1957.
41. Variety, 23 October 1957; Kinematograph Weekly, 10, 24 and 31 October, 28 November, 12 December 1957.
42. Daily Film Renter, 10 October 1957.
43. Ronald Millar, A View from the Wings (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1993), 122.
44. Ronald Millar, Frieda (English Theatre Guild, London, 1947), 5.
45. Millar, View from the Wings, 324-41.
46. Millar, Frieda, 3; Millar, View from the Wings, 125-6; Sunday Graphic, 6 July 1947; Mai Zetterling, All Those Tomorrows (Cape, London, 1985), 67-72.
47. Charles Barr, Ealing Studios (2nd edn, Studio Vista, London, 1993), 74-5; Christine Geraghty, British Cinema in the Fifties (Routledge, London, 2000), 96; Jeffrey Richards, 'Basil Dearden at Ealing', in Alan Buton, ed., Liberal Directions (Flicks Books, London, 1997), 26; Charlotte Brunsdon and Rachel Moseley, 'She's a Foreigner who's Become a British Subject', in ibid., 131-2; Terry Lovell, 'Frieda', in Geoff Hurd, ed., National Fictions (BFI, London, 1984), 31.
48. Today's Cinema, 20 June 1947; Motion Picture Herald, 23 August 1947.
49. Monthly Film Bulletin, July 1947; Today's Cinema, 20 June 1947.
50. Millar, View from the Wings, 142.
51. Pressbook for Frieda, BFI Library; Evening News, 3 July 1947.
52. Daily Express, 2 July 1947; Sunday Chronicle, 6 July 1947; News of the World, 6 July 1947; Daily Telegraph, 7 July 1947; Sunday Dispatch, 6 July 1947.
53. Daily Worker, 5 July 1947; Manchester Guardian, 8 July 1947.
54. Kinematograph Weekly, 26 June 1947, 4 November 1954; Variety, 25 June and 30 August 1947; Cinema, 27 October 1954.
55. Robert Moss, The Films of Carol Reed (Macmillan, London, 1987),
205-9; James Mason, Before I Forget (Sphere, London, 1982), 319; Nicholas
Wapshott, The Man Between: A Biography of Carol Reed (Chatto & Windus,
London, 1990), 259-63, 267.
56. Mark Glancy, When Hollywood Loved Britain: The Hollywood 'British' Film
(Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1999), 82-4, 117-22, 198; Aldgate
and Richards, Britain Can Take It, 286.
57. Aldgate and Richards, Britain Can Take It, chapter 3.
58. BFI microjacket, Wolf Rilla; Sight and Sound, Autumn 1958.
59. I am grateful to Frederick Raphael for giving his views to me via email in 2003.
60. Thanks again to Mr Raphael. See Lord Russell of Liverpool, The Scourge of the Swastika (Cassell, London, 1954); William Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Secker & Warburg, London, 1960); Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Odhams, London, 1952).
61. Daily Express, 8 May 1958; Daily Herald, 8 May 1958; Illustrated, 2 July 1958; Films and Filming, September 1958.
62. Daily Express, 25 October 1984; Ephraim Katz, ed., Macmillan International Film Encyclopaedia (3rd edn, Macmillan, London, 1995); Spiegel Online, 17 April 2003; Evening Standard, 15 August 1958.
63. Geraghty, British Cinema in the Fifties, 66; Evening Standard, 15 August 1958.
64. McFarlane, Sixty Voices, 207; Evening Standard, 15 August 1958.
65. Daily Cinema, 12 November 1958; Monthly Film Bulletin, February 1959; Kinematograph Weekly, 18 December 1959; Variety, 24 December 1958.
66. Pressbook for Bachelor of Hearts, BFI Library; Raymond Durgnat, A Mirror for England (Faber, London, 1970), 103.
67. Tagesspiegel, 2 June 1957; Spiegel, 9 January 1957, 8 January 1958, 1 January 1959; Welt, 19 and 20 December1958.
68. Edith de Rihm, Joseph Losey (André Deutsch, London, 1991), 110-13.
69. Hardy Kruger to John Ramsden, 4 July 1956.