Chapter Nine
'Bert Trautmann's helmet': English soccer and the German problem
1. Bert Trautmann's Helmet, 1 (December 1995).
2. Colin Shindler, Fathers, Sons and Football (Headline, London, 2001), i; David Downing, Best of Enemies: England v. Germany, a Century a Football Rivalry (Bloomsbury, London, 2000), 60, 64.
3. Manchester Evening News, 6-8 October 1949; John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945 (HarperCollins, London, 2002), 99-101.
4. Daily Express, 5 October 1949; Manchester Evening News, 6-7 October 1949; Eric Thornton, Manchester City: Meredith to Mercer - and the Cup (Hale, London, 1960), 64.
5. Colin Shindler, Manchester United Ruined My Life (Headline, London, 1998), 130; Fred Eyre and Roy Kavanagh, What a Game! (Senior Books, London, 1983), 66; Andrew Ward, The Manchester City Story (Breedon Books, Derby, 1984), 42.
6. Thornton, Manchester City, 67; Manchester Evening News, 9 April 1956; Downing, Best of Enemies, 62.
7. Bert Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley (Hale, London, 1956), 46; Manchester Evening News, 10 October 1949; Manchester Evening Chronicle, 10 October 1949.
8. Manchester Evening News, 7-8 October 1949.
9. David Leitch, 'Explosion at the King David Hotel', in Michael Sissons and Philip French, eds, Age of Austerity (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1964), 58-77.
10. Sunday Empire News, northern edn, 16 October, 20 November , 4, 18, 25 December 1949; Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 49; Alan Rowlands, Trautmann: The Biography (Breedon, Derby, 1990), 106-7.
11. Shindler, Manchester United Ruined My Life, 6.
12. Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 14-16; Rowlands, Trautmann, 12-35, 67; Peter Chapman, The Goalkeeper's History of Britain (Fourth Estate, London, 1999), 76; Downing, Best of Enemies, 63.
13. Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 17-31; Rowlands, Trautmann, 42-61.
14. Nick Harris, England, Their England: The Definitive Story of Foreign Footballers in the English Game since 1888 (Pitch Publishing, Hove, 2003), 96-102.
15. News Chronicle, 3 April 1956; Rowlands, Trautmann, 211.
16. Rowlands, Trautmann, 63-85, 112, 211; Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 34-40; Harris, England, Their England, 106.
17. Rowlands, Trautmann, 103, 127, 188-90; Daily Herald, 25 August 1956.
18. Rowlands, Trautmann, 128-9, 135-6; Ian Whittall, Manchester City Greats (Sportsprint, Edinburgh, 1994), 27-8; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 26 May 1955.
19. Manchester Evening News, 9 April 1956.
20. Rowlands, Trautmann, 117-27; Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 60-76; Dave Russell, Football and the English (Carnegie Publishing, Preston, 1997), 147; John Maddox et al., Manchester City: Cup Kings (Over the Moor Books, Liverpool, 1999), 66, Westdeutsche Allgemeine, 1 December 1952; Welt, 1 December 1952.
21. Russell, Football and the English, 127; Rowlands, Trautmann, 150; Thornton, Manchester City Greats, 69; Ian Penney, The Maine Road Encyclopedia (Mainstream, London, 1995), 194-5.
22. Manchester Evening Chronicle, 3 April 1956; Rowlands, Trautmann, 251-2; Maddox, Cup Kings, 46, 52; Harris, England, Their England, 110.
23. Daily Telegraph, 3 April 1956; News Chronicle, 3 April 1956; Manchester Evening Chronicle, 3-6 April 1956; Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 9; Harris, England, Their England, 93.
24. Shindler, Manchester United Ruined My Life, 17; Rowlands, Trautmann, 173, 193; Chapman, Goalkeeper's History, 77.
25. Frank Taylor, The Day a Team Died (Souvenir Press, London, 1980), 20, 44, 166-7; Stephen Kelly, Red Voices: United from the Terraces (Headline, London, 1999), 85, 90; Rick Glanvill, Sir Matt Busby: A Tribute (Virgin, London, 1994), 127; Ken Ferris, Manchester United (Mainstream, London, 2001), 54, 82, 98, 118; Manchester Evening News, 7 and 12 February 1958.
26. Manchester Evening News, 14 February, 5-7 March 1958.
27. Empire News, 9 March 1958; Manchester Evening News, 5-10 March 1958; Thomas Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts: Junctions in German-British Relations (Foreign Office, London, 1997), 186; I am grateful to Jon Smele for finding material for me on the German anthem in use during the period of the Federal Republic.
28. Eamon Dunphy, A Strange Kind of Glory: Sir Matt Busby and Manchester United (Manderson, London, 1992), 241; Empire News, 9 March 1958; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 10 March 1958.
29. Bill Foulkes, Back at the Top (Pelham, London, 1965), 56; Manchester Evening News, 7 March 1958.
30. Rowlands, Trautmann, 163-4; Trautmann, Steppes to Wembley, 114, 130; Manchester Evening News.
31. City and Suburban News, Manchester, 4 January 1957; Guardian, 23 March 1962.
32. Rowlands, Tautmann, 215-16; Manchester Evening News, 15 and 16 May 1964; Stanley Matthews, The Way It Was (Headline, London, 2000), 499-500.
33. Rowlands, Trautmann, 218-49, 253.
34. Chapman, Goalkeeper's History, 78; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 8 August 1994; Kielinger, Crossroads and Roundabouts, 187; Harris, England, Their England, 123-5.
35. Harris, England, Their England, 36-7, 93-4, 126-7, Appendix 1.
36. Harris, England, Their England, 95.
37. There were six 'international matches' before the Great War, but as they were amateur and/or unofficial contests these are not now generally classified as full internationals. They did though rather set the pattern for the following years. In addition to winning five of the six games, the English teams scored forty-one goals to the Germans' three. See Peter Beck, Scoring for Britain (Frank Cass, London, 1999), 54.
38. Beck, Scoring for Britain, 93, 141-2, 164, 182; Dave Bowler, Three Lions on the Shirt: Playing for England (Orion, London, 2000), 16; Stanley Rous, Football Worlds (Faber, London, 1978), 62-3; Downing, Best of Enemies, 24.
39. John Keith, Dixie Dean: Revelations of a Football Icon (Robson Books, London, 2001), 121-4. I am grateful to Paul Preston for this reference.
40. Beck, Scoring for Britain, 180-200; Downing, Best of Enemies, 37, 41; Duff Hart-Davis, Hitler's Games: The 1936 Olympics (Century, London, 1986), 88-9.
41. Beck, Scoring for Britain, 1-10; Bowler, Three Lions, 28-30; Downing, Best of Enemies, 49.
42. Rous, Football Worlds, 64-5; Matthews, The Way It Was, 115-24; Russell, Football and the English, 123; Bowler, Three Lions on the Shirt, 29-30; Downing, Best of Enemies, 45; Berliner Tageblatt, 11 May 1938; Frankfurter Zeitung, 16 May 1938; Hamburger Nachrichten, 15 May 1938; Kölnische Zeitung, 15 May 1938.
43. Russell, Football and the English, 124-5; Sporting Chronicle, 7 October 1949; Bild, 27 and 29 November, 1 and 3 December 1954; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 2 December1954; Tagesspiegel, 30 November, 3 December 1954; Adrian Thrills, You're Not Singing Anymore (Ebury Press, London, 1998), 30, 33; 1966 World Cup Final, England v. West Germany (BBC video, 1996).
44. Humphrys quoted in Peter Beck, '"The Relevance of the Irrelevant": Football as a Missing Dimension in the Study of British Relations with Germany', International Affairs, 79 (2003), 403; Kenneth Wolstenholme, They Think It's All Over (Robson Books, London, 1998), 7-8, 9, 83, 118-19; Downing, Best of Enemies, 110-11; Bild, 28 and 29 July, 1 August 1966; Frankfurther Rundscau, 28 July 1966.
45. Shindler, Fathers, Sons and Football, 235-6; Jeff Brown, Stallone: A Hero's Story (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985), 138, 141; Frank Sancho, Stallone: A Rocky Life (Mainstream, London, 1998), 111-13; Daily Mirror, 4 September 1981; The Times Football Handbook, September 2001, 13.
46. Sancho, Stallone, 113; Empire, July 2002; Michael Caine, What's It All About? (Century, London, 1992), 381; Variety, July 1981; Screen International grossing figures, August-December 1981.
47. Elaine Gallagher, Candidly Caine (Pan, London, 1991), 190; Screen International, 15 August 1981; Monthly Film Bulletin, September 1981, 175-6; Voice, 4 August 1981; Time, 3 August 1981; Observer, 10 March 1996.
48. See, for example, Daily Mail, 15 March 1980; Daily Express, 25 June 1981; Sunday Times, 10 March 1981.
49. Sun, 15 August 1981; Prospect, August 2004.
50. Sunday Telegraph, 6 September 1981; Yabo Yablonsky, Escape to Victory (Corgi, London, 1981), 139.
51. Bowler, Three Lions, 351-60. These figures include post-war matches against West Germany, but exclude the four played against the much weaker East German side, which produced three England wins and a draw. Most press reporting of the period treated West Germany as 'Germany' or 'the Germans', but called East Germany by its full name.
52. These are not now generally classified as full internationals.
53. Downing, Best of Enemies, 122; Taylor, The Day a Team Died, 136; Foulkes, Back at the Top, 75-6. Information from Peter Hennessy.
54. Bowler, Three Lions, 162-3; Chapman, Goalkeeper's History, 17, 205, 226-7; Bild, 12 June 1970.
55. Bowler, Three Lions, 170, 273, 313; Downing, Best of Enemies, 56, 131, 143, 184; Klinsmann quoted in Beck, 'The Relevance of the Irrelevant', 409; Thrills, You're Not Singing, 22; Daily Telegraph, 5 September 2001.
56. Süddeutscher Zeitung, 8 December 1999, quoted in Beck, 'The Relevance of the Irrelevant', 402; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 July 1990; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 6 July 1990.